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Tn^OML
RETURN TO LIBRARY
ENGRAVING DIVISION
I
¥
'W
^1
THE- ANTIQVITIES • OF
ATHENS
MEASVRED • AND • DELINEATED
BY ' JAMES • STVART • F.R.S. AND • F.S.A.
AND • NICHOLAS • REVETT.
PAINTERS • AND • ARCHITECTS.
VOLVME • THE • THIRD.
LONDON
PRINTED ' BY • JOHN • NICHOLS • MDCCXCIV.
r m ■■ifc.
*»-
/
V. s
[ iii ]
P R E F A C E.
TJA VING been requefted by Mrs. Stuart, on the death of Mr. Newton, to fuper-
A 1 Intend the publication of the prefent work, it will not, perhaps, be improper to
give a fhort account of the manner in which this volume has been put into its prefent
form, it being unfortunately deprived of the advantage of making its appearance under
the direftion of its original author.
When the materials were firft delivered to me, feveral chapters were fairly tranfcribed ;
to moll of them, however, additions have been made, and other chapters have been fmce
entirely colkaed from loofe papers. Of the former defcription are chapters, the firft,
third, fourth, fifth, and ninth ; and of the latter, are the fecond, fixth, feventh, eighth,
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, together with the addition of feveral plates, and all the
maps.
As from this defcription the reader may apprehend that he has before him rather a
produftion of mine than an original work of Mr. Stuart's, it is proper to mention, that
the firft ftep taken, and indeed the only one that could render Mr. Stuart's materials
(confifting of numerous memorandum books and loofe papers) intelligible, was, to form
a general index to the whole ; and, with this afliftance, no difficulty was found in com-
pletely collefting Mr. Stuart's opinions on each fubjeft. I hope, therefore, it will ap-
pear, that I have fpared no pains to do juftice to the fubfcribers, and fupporters, of this
invaluable work; as well as to the ability of its ingenious and accurate author.
The few obfervations of my own, which I have ventured to add, are, page 5, notes
(a) and (l>); page 6, note (a); page 14 notes, (a) {b) {c) (d); page 15, defcription of
plate I ft and note (b); page 16, defcription of plate 2d, and note (a); page 22, notes
(e) and (/); page 28, note (a); page 36, note (a); page 41, note (a) (b); page 42,
b notes
[ iv ]
notes {a) (b); page 43, defcription of the head and tail piece; page 47, note (a) ; page
48, defcription of plate 2d and note (a); page 57, notes (a) (b) ; page 58, note (c) ;
page 64, note {a). The view of the Stadium, plate 3d of the 7th chapter is the only
original drawing of mine. The other plates that have my name to them, are fuch as I
have drawn out from Mr. Stuart's and Mr. Revett's defigns in the various fketch-books.
The map of Greece, in general, will be found much more accurate than any yet pub-
lifhed of that country; as it has Mr. Stuart's furveys in Attica, and other parts which
he vifited. The Morea is alfo laid down from a manufcript map never before publiflied.
The map of Attica, though imperfea, is yet by much the moft accurate furvey that
has been made of this province ; however, having nothing laid down but from authority,
it appears unfinifhed; as it was not thought proper to complete it farther than the au-
thorities warranted. The chart of the ports of Athens is entirely fi-om Mr. Stuart's
furvey; but, as he had left no fcale upon the drawing, one has been obtained in the fol-
lowing manner, by Mr. Arrowfinith.
N
S
U
'G/J.
From
t V ]
From the bridge at CephJfus the bearing Is 85.30 EN to the center of the temple of
Minerva in the AcropoHs, and from Portus Phalerus the bearing is 69.45 EN to the center
of the temple of Minerva in the Acropolis. The bearing likewife from Portus Phalerus to
Hymettus is 8 1 .00 EN. ; and laftly, the bearing of the temple of Minerva to Hymettus is
56.30 ES; which gives, by interfeftion, the fummit of Hymettus; the dlftance between
the temple of Minerva and Hymettus being 315000 feet, that is, within 680 feet of
6 Britifh ftatute-miles. Whence the diftance, between Portus Phalerus and the
bridge at Cephifus, was the inferred ftation, laid down by Mr. Stuart without a fcale.
The bearings were protrafted upon a fcale as large again as that on the map. Mr. Re-
vett fays, that the ruins of the Middle or Maritime wall, (alfo called the third wall,
as uniting with the two long walls) might be clearly traced : it was ten feet thick, and
flanked with fquare towers, and joined to the long walls at the Ports Piraeus and Pha-
lerus (a). The map of Delos is done from a (ketch of Mr. Stuart's, wherein the anti-
quities were drawn evidently with great accuracy ; but the coaft was, to all appearance,
nothing more than a fketch of the forms by the eye.
In the firft chapter fome of the baflb relievos are fo much ruined as to be in-
ferted only to fhew the fubjefts tbey reprefented. It does not appear certain that
Mr. Stuart intended to have introduced the fecond chapter; he might perhaps have
fiippofed what he had faid on this temple in the chapter on the Parthenon
to have been fufficient; for, though part of this chapter was fairly copied
out under its prefent title, yet it was extremely fhort, and no reference made to
any plates. I, however, have determined to omit nothing, efpecially on the fubje6l
of a temple fo large and magnificent; and have therefore collefted the whole of the
materials together. The plate of it given in the chapter on the Parthenon being
erroneous, it has been engraved over again from drawings made out from the origi-
nal fketches, which appeared necefTary to correft the opinion before given on the length
of this temple.
The firft plate of this chapter is engraved from an original drawing in the poffeflion
of the Delettanti foclety, and moft obligingly lent by them for that purpofe.
I have, perhaps, faid more on the fubjeft of this temple th^n may appear neceflary,
on account of the difcuflions to which it lead's, on the length and breadth of temples
in general, and of this temple in particular; as Mr. Stuart and Mr. Re vett differed on
(a) See Meursii Atbexne Atticap, Lib. III. cap. XL
th(
[ vi ]
the fubjeft: and if the reafonings in this chapter are juft, they prove that this is one
of feveral examples, wherein the lengths and breadths, of Greek temples, are not found
to agree with the rules formerly fuppofed to be general. Many inftances of this varia-
tion might be pointed out, but do not come within the limits of the fubjeft which it is
my office to confider.
There being no defign of the capital, or even of the column in this temple, I fhall
venture to infert a delcription of them, having had occafion to examine them, in drawing
a view of this fuperb ruin. The columns diminifh from the bottom, by a beautiful
curved line, and are evidently lefs than ten diameters in height. The capital has the
appearance of being fhorter, than the ufual proportion (feventy minutes). The Abacus
is pointed at the angles, with a rofe of a circular outline in each face, much like the
fame parts in the Poikile. The general outline of the leaves of this capital is tapering
more than ufually upwards in a parabolick form ; the upper range is mvich taller than
the lower, and both lean forwards confiderably. The leaves of the upper range
are divided into leven general mafles ; that is, three on each fide the flalk, and the
center or top which projefts forward : thofe of the lower range are divided into five
only. The foliage bears a flrong refemblance to that of a capital in the laft plate of
the Ionian antiquities. The fmall volutes are much like thofe in the Poikile ; but do
not lie fo flat upon the bell.
The arch of Hadrian, though fo entirely adapted for a gate, has not been thought
fit for that purpofe by the modern Athenians, who, when they furrounded their city
by the wall lately erefted, carried it acrofs the opening of this arch, and feem to have
had no other idea, than that of faving fo much wall, as the two piers ferve to contribute,
by joining their modern performance on to each flank of this antiquity. The ftrong
marks of the Roman charafter, in the monument of Philopappus, induce me to fuppofe
that it was erefted by fome foreign artift, for neither its mouldings nor its fculpture are
like any other fpecimen at Athens ; and the contrafl will appear on comparing it with
the arch of Hadrian, which mufl have been erefted foon after it, which, although
it poflefles many indications of the decline of good tafle, has, altogether, an Athenian
chara6ler. The Doric Portico or Agora is another inftance, that the Athenian man-
ner was not difficult to trace in the age of Auguflus ; and, probably, the charac-
teriflic manner of the Greeks was not departed from but by flow degrees. In the
fame way the flyle of the Romans may be very eafily traced ; and the ornamental
parts of their early buildings have unequivocal features of the Grecian tafle.
The
[
vu
]
The fubjea of the fixth chapter is evidently of a ver^ high antiquity, and becomes
extremely curious by the coincidence of its charafter, with the temples of Pefto or Pof-
fidoma, in the kingdom of Naples; which clearly indicates that the latter are the works
of Grecian architects.
In the Incantada at Saloiiicha, the pedeftals are of the fame charaaer as thofe in
the PoikUe, and in an example in the Ionian antiquities. As we fee no inftance of
this in the monument of Philopappus, the arch of Hadrian, nor in any Roman work,
that I recoUea, we are, I think, juftified in regarding this as an original praftice of thi
Greeks, and we may thence conclude, that no building, wherein we fee this kind of pe-
deftal, can be of fo late a date as the reign of Hadrian : I fhould indeed efteem them of
a much earlier age. This ruin appears to be rather of a later time than the Poikile, by
the comparifon of many parts in the detail of each.
In the eleventh chapter, the volute, drawn out at large by the rule therein defcribed,
does not correfpond to the figuring. This appeared to me not to be a fufficient reafon
for omitting either the figuring or the fcheme of drawing it out, as the former is probably
the correft copy of the capital in queftion, and the latter is a praaical method worthy
of communication. Mr. Stuart has left no memorandum on the fubjeft of this
difagreement {a).
I fhall add a few remarks on the conftruftion of the buildings of Athens, which
have not been mentioned in this work. The temple of Minerva is an example of
this important part of their architefture. The columns are all conftru6led of fingle blocks
in diameter, and in courfes of more than a diameter in height : the wall, enclofine the
cell of the temple, is formed of a fingle courfe of marble blocks in thicknefs, fhewinp;
a face, infide and outfide, the verticle joints correfponding over each other, and in fe-
venteen horizontal courfes, reckoning from the bottom of the architrave to the top of
the upper ftep, rifing to an height of thirty-three feet. The capitals confift each of one
fingle block 2.. 9. 9 high, and the architrave lies upon them, without any other pre-
caution being taken to relieve the weight from the projefting edges of the abacus than
the moft extreme accuracy in the two furfaces of the underface or foffit of the
architrave, and the tops of the abacufes, to render them perfeftly parallel, which is
poflibly the caufe why fome of the capitals have large pieces fplit ofF (J?) : the archi-
(a) Mr. Revett has (ince favoured me with a remark upon it tures, for it appears more probably the effect: of the fhock which
which is among the additional obfervations. this temple muft have received when it was blown up by the Vene-
tians. The broken capitals are that of the South-Eafiern comer of
(/;) I am by no means decided that this is the caufe of the frac- the temple, and five of thofe in the Wdlern front. The upright
c traves
[ vili ]
traves are compofed of three blocks from face to back, each extending from center to cen-
ter of the columns; and each block alfo the whole height of the frieze, and of equal
thicknefs. The frieze is in two courfes in height, and each courfe wants fo much of
being the whole thicknefs of the frieze, as allows the metope, with the fculpture, which
is cut on a thin flab, to lie againfl: it. The triglyph tails in, in one height, but does
not go through {a). The cornice is in blocks, which are the width of one mutule and
one fpace ; their ends forming a complete courfe on the infide. The tympanum of the
pediment is compofed of one courfe of upright flabs, in the outfide face, with horizon-
tal courfes behind them. The pavement, of which great part remains, is in fquares of
equal fize, large and thick (J))\ the joints, as is the univerfal pra^ice at Athens, are
cut with the moft mathematical precifion, and are extremely difficult to difcover in thofe
parts which have taken a dark tint. 1 he l\irks have, from time to time, removed
fome of the blocks of this temple, for the purpofe of burning them into lime, but the
ruins on the ground, till very lately, would have nearly reftored it, to its original form,
with the trouble only of replacing them.
According to Monfieur Le Roi, there is a block in the Propylea, which he meafured,
and found above twenty-two Paris feet long, which he calls the lintel of the great
Eaftern door. This muft be a miflake ; for, the lintel certainly does not exceed in length
the meafure of the central intercolumniation, which is feventeen feet, nme inches, Eng-
lifh, reckoning from center to center of the columns, as I obferved it to extend beyond
the opening, no more than is neceflary for its fupport. Perhaps, therefore, Monf. Le
Roi means one of the marble beams, fupported by the Ionic columns in the great hall,
which extended from the columns towards each flank wall, as thefe may have meafured
nearly what he defcribes to be the dimenfions of the lintel (c).
The temple of Thefeus appears to have received fome confiderable fliock ; the corners
of the blocks in the entablature being in general broken, as if it had been fliaken ;
joints of the architrave in this front have their edges (hivered off,
which is a very ftrong indication of this part of the temple having
been violently (haken.
(a) I obferved, that a triglyph lying among the ruins was fo
formed, that the back of the block was confiderably narrower where
it went into the frieze than the breadth of the triglyph, fo that each
extremity of the triglyph projeaed on to the face of the flab of
the metope fcveral inches, thus forming a rebate which inclofed
the metope. This circumftance proves that the metopes cannot
have been changed fince the original conftrudlion of the temple.
without taking off the cornice, and confequently both pediments^
I am farther confirmed in this opinion by that of the late Hon. Capt.
Seymour Finch, who obferved that the metopes had to him the ap-
pearance of having been Aid into a focket or groove.
(J)) I did not meafure the fize, but believe they were between
three and four feet on each fide ; and, I guefs, about eighteen inches
thick ; this, however, is given from recolledlion only.
(c) Had any of thefe been found by MeiT. Stuart and Revett,
they would have delineated them.
and
[ IX ] .
and fome of the columns on the South fide have their courfes diflocated, though no
part is beat off or thrown down.
When travellers have defcribed the ftone in the Propylea to be the largeft now at
Athens, they feem to have overlooked entirely, the temple of Jupiter Olympius, for
the architraves of this temple are formed of two blocks only in thicknels, and one in
height, fo that the angular block muft meafure nearly twenty-one feet fix inches long,
about three feet thick, and not lefs than fix feet fix inches high, as I guefs by Its ap-
pearing to me to be at leaft one diameter of the column in height. It muft, therefore,
in its cubical dimenfions, exceed any ftone in the Propylea ; the fhafts of the columns
appeared to me to have courfes of more than two diameters in height.
The perfeft ftate in which thofe monuments remain, which have not been deftroyed
by violence, is one proof of the judgement with which they were conftrufted. The
temple of Minerva would have been entire, except its timber roof (a), at this day, if a
bomb had not been thrown into it by the Venetians, when it was ufed as the powdei*
magazine of the Turks.
The Propylea, applied to the fame purpofe, was ftruck by lightning and blown up*
The fmall temple of Thefeus is almoft as entire as when it was firft erefled. Even fo fmall
a temple as the Choragic monument of Lyficrates is now entire, a circumftance arifing
chiefly from the great judgement fhewn in its conftruftion, by erefting it with large
blocks, and confolidating the whole with a roof wifely made of one fingle piece of
marble.
The core of rubble work now remaining in parts of the Stadium is almoft Impenetrable
to a tool. The Athenians likewife fhewed great judgement in their manner of co-
vering the porticos round their temples with marble, as may be feen in the temples of
Thefeus and in the Parthenon. The flat deling of the Propylea was alfo of marble^
(fl) The foffits of the porticos were of marble, as were probably
thofe of the internal Hypetral galleries, and as the temples of
Pefto (hew the vacancies or beds in which the ends of the beams of
timber were laid, which formed their roofs, it is moft likely that
the opiflhodoraus of the temple of Minerva was covered by means
of timber; however, there is nothing in the ruins that authorifes or
contradids this opinion. I Ihall here alfo mention, that Mr. Revett,
on his fecond journey to Athens, found that the ruins had been re-
moved which had previoufly covered the eaftern end of the cell of
the temple of Minerva. By which means he difcovercd that the
galleries continued on and finilhed againd the eaflern end, inftead of
making a return as before fuppofed, and confequently drawn in
the plan of this temple, in the fecond volume. He found the circle
for the two laft columns one on each fide traced on the pavement)
which was his authority for this opinion.
though
[ ^ ]
though no part of it now remains, and muft have been a very bold and mafterly per-
formance, when its long bearings are confidered, and alfo that the principle of arching
was not employed in it.
I cannot conclude, without publicly acknowledging the liberality, with which fe-
veral gentlemen, of diftinguifhed knowledge in the fine arts, have contributed their af-
fiftance to this work, but am only permitted to name two among the number, Mr.
Revett, to whom I owe, as is feen in the courfe of the work, numerous important
points of information {a) ; and Dr. Chandler, who has kindly undertaken to give his
afliftance in the infcriptions ; and thofe which have not appeared in other parts will be
given in the concluding volume of this work.
Though I can add nothing to the high reputation of Grecian art, it feems incumbent
upon me, as having fuperintended the publication of the prefent work, not to pafs, wholly
unnoticed, the obfervations which have been lately given to the world by Sir William
Chambers upon this fubjeft {I?) ; obfervations which have fo little foundation in real facls^
or in juft tafte, as muft dctraft greatly from his weight and confequence as an author, and
produce a general regret, among thofe beft acquainted with the fubjeft, that a work of fuch
real merit fhould labour under fo unfavourable a prejudice. What, indeed, but the moft
determined antipathy, could have led him to the extremity of attempting utterly to ex-
clude the archite£lural produftions of the Grecians from the ftudies of the artift {c) ? Thus
it is that men are ever prone to undervalue the advantages they do not poflefs ; and it is
with equal propriety that other artifts might reprefent travelling itfelf as wholly unneceffary,
and maintain, that prints {d) and defcriptions convey as complete a knowledge of the
moft celebrated buildings of antiquity as a6lual infpeftion. Crude and incoherent attempts
at execution would then bring the art itfelf into contempt.
The reafonings of Sir William Chambers, if they can deferve the name, will be feen
by architefts of real knowledge in their true light. It is only neceflary to caution ftudents
{a) Here I muft, in juftice to him, acknowledge a miftake com-
mitted in feveral of the architeaural plates in this work, by infert-
ing Mr. Stuart's name as draiightfman, inftead of Mr. Revett's,
who drew them. This faft was not known to me till very lately.
{h) See his treatife on the Decorative part of civil architedure,
third edition, 1791.'
(c) *' Since, therefore, the Grecian ftrucSlures are neither the moft
" coniiderable, moft varied, nor moft perfect, it follows, that our
«* knowledge ought not to be colledled from themj but from fome
« purer, more abundant fource ; which, in whatever relates to the
" ornamental part of the art, can be no other than the Roman an^
" tiquity yet remaining, in Italy, France, or elfewherc." Page 21.
{d) See note (a) in the next page.
agamft
[ xi ]
againft his opinions, and ,o recommend ,o then, Co eonduc, their enquiries by the excel-
lent plan of educafon he delineates (.), inftead of adopting his crude and injudicious
decilions upon this queftion.
The tafk of replying to the arguments and infinuations of this author would no doubt
have been performed by Mr. Stuart, had they been publifhed in his life-time, as Sir
Wdham feems to have firft intended(^). But they were kept back from the public till
the death of that mdefatigable and valuable traveller. I feel it therefore incumbent upon
me to defend him againft this pofthumous attack.
Sir William has committed a miftake, in his ftriaures upon Grecian art, which is
frequently to be found among thofe who engage in the fupport of a falfe hypothefis. He
undertakes to affign reafons for the inferiority of the Greeks in this refpeft, inftead of
proving, which it was his bufinefs to have done, that that inferiority had any exiftence
but m his own imagination. He tells us, that « Greece, a countiy fmall in itfelf, was
"divided into a number of little ftates, none of them very powerful, populous, or'rich;
« fo that they could attempt no very confiderable works in architeaure; having neither
« the fpace, the hands, nor the treafures, that would have been necefTary (r).» This
may be very ingenious, but unfortunately the faft exprefsly contradifts Sir William
Chambers' conclufion. To Ihew this, it would only be necefTary to ftate the dimenfions
of fome of their moft celebrated produftions in building. But thefe may readily be found
in writers both ancient and modern, and are therefore unnecefTary to be enumerated here.
Sir William has taken his notions on Grecian architeaure from " books and prints "
only, exprefsly contrary to his own advice to ftudents (f/) ; and has been guided by the
imperfea fpecimens of Le Roi (e) ; who, though an ingenious author, is well known to
have vifited Greece in the moft rapid and curfory manner, and has therefore fallen, as
might be expeaed, into the moft glaring errors. A flagrant inftance of Sir William's
inaccuracy occurs, where he fpeaks of the Lantern of Demofthenes, and the Parthe-
non (/j ; which, by mentioning together, he treats as if they were fimilar, and refpec-
(a) " It fcems almoft fuperfluous to obfcrve, that an architect
cannot afpire to fuperiority in his profeflion, without having tra-
velled i for, it muft be obvious, that an art founded upon reafon-
ing and much obfen ation is not to be learnt without it ; books
cannot avail; defcriptions, even drawings or prints, arc but
weak fubfiitutcs for realities/* &c. &c. Page 14.
(b) " And thefe obftrvations (on Grecian architecture), intended
for the fecond edition of this work, were then fupprefled." Pagc2(?.
(c) Page 19.
{d) See note (a).
(e) The fira volume only of the prefcnt w©rk being then pub-
lifhed.
(/) " Indeed, none of the few things now exifling in Greece,
" though fo pompoufly defcribed, and neatly reprefented in vari-
*f ous publications of our time, feem to deferve great notice; either
" for dimcnfion, grandeur of flylc, rich fancy, or elegant tafte of
I ting
[ xli ]
ting which he affirms, In direft contradiftion to thefaa, that the Parthenon is not fo
confiderable as the church of Saint Martin in the fields. The comparative dimenfions
of each are as follows :
St. Martin's.
Parthenon.
Excefs in
favor of the Parthenon.
Length, i6i..
9
22 7. .7
65.^10
Breadth, 80 ..
9
101..1
20,. 4
Height of columns, 33 ..
4
34.. 2.8
0.. IQ.8
Diameter of ditto, 3 ..
4
6.. 1.8
2«. 9^8
Number of ditto,
16
S8
Height of the entabla-
ture fuppofed two-
ninths of the CO'
lumn, 7-
4
1 1. .2. 8
about 3.. 10 -^
Height of the whole
order, 40..
8
45- S-^
5.. 9.6
Breadth of portico, 6 6 . . i o
1 01. .1.0
34- 3
The meafures of both are taken on the upper ftep. Artifts who ever faw an antique
temple, or ever read Vitruvius, know, that Saint Martin's church, though one of the
beft in London, is no more than a very inferior imitation of the Greek Proftyle temple,
and will not enter into the flighteft degree of comparifon with the chafte grandeur, th^
dignified fimplicity, and fublime efFeft of the Parthenon. Sir William feems to infi-
nuate in his opinion upon the fubje6t, that the Parthenon would gain confiderably with
refpeft to beauty by the addition of a fteeple. A judicious obferver of the fine arts
would fcarcely be more furprized were he to propofe to efFe6l this improvement by
adding to it a Chinefe pagoda. Very different were the fentiments of Inigo Jones on tjns
fubjeft, as we may colleft from the church of St. Paul Covent Garden, one of the
fineft produftions of the age, and which exhibits the grand and impreflive effeft of an
ancient temple. With a judgement, polTefled by few, but admired by all, he thought
proper to place the turret, which circumftances obliged him to add, at the fartheft ex-
** defign i nor do they feem calculated to throw new light upon the " the church of St. Martin* in St. Martin's lane, exclufive of its
" art, or to contribute towards its advancement ; not even thofc " elegant fpire, had, for its jjrchitects, Phidias, Callicrates, and Ic-
" ereaed by Pericles or Alexander ; while the Grecian arts flou- " tinus, was the boaft of Athens, and excited the envy and mur-
<* rifhed moft ; neither the famous Lantern of Dcmoflhenes, nof the " murs of all Greece," Page I9.
*' more famous Parthenon ; which, though not fo confiderable as
tremity
I
tremlty from the admirable front, and keep it as low as poflible(^), aware that it could
only deftroy the unity of one of the moft perfeft forms with which we are acquainted.
Sir William, though extremely pofitive in his decifions upon Grecian architeaure,
which he had never an opportunity to examine, but in books and prints, is equally
fparing of fpecific objeftion and argument. It is no eafy matter to refute a difquifition
which confifts entirely in affertion. In one pafTage, however, he alludes as it were incl.
dentally, as deformities obfervable in Grecian buildings, to what he calls '' their gouty
'' columns, their narrow intercolumniations, dieir difproportionate architraves, their hype-
" thral temples, which they knew not how to cover; an J their temples with a range
'' of columns running in the center(A), to fupport the roof; contrary to every rule,
" either of beauty or convenience (c)." It may be worth while to confider a little dif-
tin6lly thefe diiTerent infmuations.
There is a mafculine boldnefs and dignity in the Grecian Doric, the grandeur of
whofe effeft, as Sir William juftly obferves of the Roman antiquities, can fcarcely be
underftood by thofe who have never feen it in execution; and which, if underftood,
would certainly fupercede a whole magazine of fuch objeftions as the above. The column
has no bafe, becaufe its great breadth at the bottom of the fhaft is fufEcient to overcome
the idea of its finking into its fupporting bed. The general bafement is compofed of three
fteps ; not proportioned to the human ftep, but to the diameter of the columns it fup-
ports, and forms one fingle feature extending through the whole length of the temple
and of ftrength and confequence fufficient to give liability and breadth to the mafs above it.
The columns rife with confiderable diminution in the moft graceful, fweeping lines, and,
from .the t-op of the fhaft, projefts a capital of a ftyle at once bold, maffive, and fimple.
(a) This defcriplion alludes to the turret originally ereifted, but
now taken away, and another raifed conliderably higher in its
place.
(b) Of this I believe there is but one inftance in all the antiquities
now remaining, which is a temple at Pefto. This edifice, by the pro-
portions of its order, appears to be of the highefl antiquity. It has
nine columns in front and eighteen in flank, including thofe of the
angles in both numbers. It can be no proof of general ignorance in
the Greeks, that one temple of this kind has been built in one of
their diftant colonies ; for, as the time of its eredion is unknown,
it can only imply that there was once a time when either the Greek
colonifts were fo ignorant of truffing a roof, of 3; tcet, 6 fpan (<»),
as to be unable to fupport it without an additional row of columns
or that the tiniber then in ufe would not afford length fufficimt to
efFedl it : two circumftances very different, and both equally pofliblc.
As we have no accounts in any authors of this fpecles of temple, this
moft likely is the only one ever built, though Sir VVilliani finds it
convenient to reprefent this as one only of a number of the fame
defcription.
(c) Sec page 23.
(tf) That is the raeafure of the part which required this addiiional aflifbncc.
The
[
XIV
]
The entablature is ponderous, and its decorations few in number, and of a ftrong
character. ■ ■
The awful dignity and grandeur in this kind of temple, arifmg from the perfeft
ao-reement of its various parts, ftrikes the beholder with a fenfation, which he may look
for in vain in buildings of any other defcrlption. A flight change in the order, or even
in the proportions of a building, will always be found to introduce a very different cha-
rafter, even though the general form fliould be prefer ved. In the fpecies of temple we
are here confidering, the caufes of the fublime may eafily be perceived. The fimplicity
of the bafement, the fweeping lines of the flutings, the different proportions and yet con-
trafled figure of the outline of the column, and that of the intercolumniation, and the
grand ftraight lines of the entablature crofUng in their direftions the graceful ones of the
flutings, together with the gently-inclined pediment, all contribute to this flriking efFe6l.
The column and intercolumniation approach each other more nearly in apparent fuperficial
quantity, while they contrafl more decidedly in form than in any other order. . There is
a certain appearance of eternal duration in this fpecies of edifice, that gives a folemn and
majeflic feeling, while every part is perceived to contribute its fhare to this charafter of
durability. From this rapid fketch it will readily be feen, that no other intercolumnia-
tion than that of the monotriglyph can fucceed in this dignified order. The Propylaea,
indeed, as well as the temple of Auguflus or Agora, has one interval of the fpace of two
tryglyphs ; but it is eafy to perceive that this deviation from the general principle was
merely an accommodation to circumflances ; both of thefe buildings requiring. a wide
paflage in the middle of the front. Accordingly, thefe two are the only inflances of
this deviation to be found in Athens. The fmall temples, which on each fide form the
wings of the Propylaea, poflibly contributed to render the centre part more folid, by the
appearance of a lateral fupport, and were perhaps added for that purpofe: while in
every other refpeft they mufl: have increafed the general dignity of the whole, and, by
the fmaller dimenfions of their parts of the fame order, have added to the confequence
of the central range of columns. The magnificence of this entrance to the Acropolis
mufl have been extreme when in its original perfeft ion.
Thefe confiderations will convince us that no material change can be made in the
proportions of the genuine Grecian Doric, without deflroying its particular charafter.
Let us fuppofe, for inftance, that, along with the flaps, or fome other means of forming
a general bafement, there. had been bafes to each column, as in the Dorics which
have" been called Roman. This mufl have produced in the firfl place a much more
confufed
[ .XV ]
eonfufed affemblage of parts: it wouldalfo have been neceffary to change the interco-
lumnrnfon from monotriglyph to ditriglyph, which would deftroy the proportions of the
whole mafs, increafe its entire extent of one half, and change its appearance of ftrength
into extreme weakness.
Sir William obferves, that the ditriglyph is the only interval that fucceeds in the Doric
order, which, though utterly falfe if applied to the Grecian Doric, is fufficiently true if
he means to fpeak of the Doric as exhibited in his own Treatife. It may be obferved by
the way, that the defign he has given is nearly copied from Vignola. Now what is this
but acknowledging, that Rome could not produce one fpecimen of this order which he
found good enough to be inferted in his work.
The Grecian Doric is by many indifcriminately cenfured for clumfmefs. But thofe
who are fo ready to condemn it fhould firft recollea, that it was applied only where the
greateft dignity and ftrength were required. It happens in this, as well as. in every other
part of ornamental architefture, that the judicious application makes all the difference
between the cenfure or praife it deferves. To omit the bafes of flcnder Dorics, as is
done m the theatre of Marcellus at Rome, feems to be as erroneous a practice as to add
them to the mafly ones. Let thofe who prefer the later Doric Indifcriminately, and entirely
rejefl: the Grecian, try whether they can, with their flender order^ produce the chafte
and folid grandeur of the Parthenon, or the ftill more mafculine charafter of the great
temple of Pefto, They will no doubt produce, with their fmaller proportions, pleafing
efFe6ts, but of a charafter lighter and lefs impreflive than in the ftru6tures above-mentioned.
The two examples of the Doric order now exifting at Rome are fo void of genuine cha-
rafter, that the modern writers have endeavoured to compofe a Doric of their own;
and it is certainly better than the models upon which it is formed. That order in the
theatre of Marcellus, fuppofing a bafe to have been added to the column, is eight dia-
meters and one third in height. Can any thing be more contrary to the apparent rules
of folidity than, in a building of at leaft three orders in height, to ufe for the loweft
of thefe a fiender Doric without a bafe? 1 he Doric order of the Colifeum is even Iriore
void of charafter and ftrength, not only being deprived, as in the former inftances of
its mutules, but alfo of its triglyphs and metopes; add to which the extravagance of
its proportions, the height of the column being equal to nine diameters and a half.
The Ionic and Corinthian orders over it are also confiderably fhorter in their propor-
tions than their fupporting Doric; another flagrant deviation from the principles of a
found and difcriminating tafte. Yet fuch are the only ancient Specimens of this order
which Sir William will allow ftudents to examine and confiden
e The
[ xvi ]
*rhe few fpecimens of the Ionic order now remaining at Rome are of fo little merit, that
Palladio, Vignola, and other modern authors j have been chiefly reforted to as ftandards in
this order as Well as the Doric, till the difcovery of the antiquities of Greece by Meffieurs
Stuart and Revet, brought into notice the admirable fpecimens of Ionic architecture, which
have ever fince met with fo much attention from the beft informed archite6Vs as well as
connoifleurs. , The only work recommended by Sir William as a proper guide in the
comparifon of Greek, and Roman architefture isPiranefi's Magnificenza d' Romani(fl)i
a book, which, notwithftanding its great merit, particularly in the engravings, is to be
efleemed in any other light rather than as a juft delineation of Grecian architecture, of
which, in the firft place, the author has chofen to put all he thinks proper to exhibit into
a fmgle plate, and, in the next, has taken his information from the incompetent fpecimens
of Le Rpi. Yet, after the beautiful Ionic capital of the temple of Eredheus, as well as that
found at Eleufis, have been thus fcandaloufly treated, they even there fhine with ^ decided
fuperiority over all the Roman Ionics, as he mlftakenly calls them, they being very clearly
the defcendants from the Grecian. Rome had once no doubt better fpecimens, but they^rc
unfortunately loft, which is the ftrongeft reafon for ftudying the incomparable remains
which Greece ftill affords of that order. Sir William's complaint of the dlfproportionate
architraves in the Grecian architefture is ridiculous. No other would fuit the charafter
of the Doric order to which they belong, and, though a flender wooden, beam might
be ufed in the Tufcan temples as defcrlbed by Vitruvlus, nothing could be more abfurd
than to imitate this Inferior mode of conftruaion in erefting temples with marble.
The charge of leaving open the antlent Hypetral temples from ignorance how to
cover them is fo extraordinary as fcarcely to deferve an anfwer; To cover the Hypetral
opening could be no greater difficulty than to cover the Opifthodomus, which was
always roofed. It would have been juft as reafonable to fuppofe that the Romans left
the circular opening in the dome of the Pantheon from fimilar ignorance.
I have thus attempted to (hew, that among the antiquities of Rome, fo much boafted
of by Sir William, to the total exclufion of thofe of Greece, and which he ridlculoufly calls
the only fource {b) of ornamental architefture (in direft oppofitlon to the opinion of Vltru-
vius), there are no fine fpecimens of either the Doric or Ionic order. Vitruvlus exprefsly
attributes almoft every architeaural invention to the Greeks (f), and if authorities were
neceflary to be quoted, in a cafe where they are fo numerous, that of Vitruvlus would
(a) " The laft of thofe here mentioned" (Piranefi) " has pub- (c) " Vitruvlus, the only remaining ancient writer on the decora-
" lifted a parallel between the faireft monuments of Greece and " tive part of architeaure, afcribes almoft every invention in that
" Rome ; which is recommended to the infpeaion and perufal of " art'to the Greeks; as if till the time of Dorus it had remained in
" thofe who have not yet feen it." Page 19. " its infant ftate; and nothing had till then appeared woith notice.
" And moft if not all the modern authors have echoed the fame
(A) See note (c) in p. X. " doftrine." Page 17.
be
[
XVll
J
be entitled to particular refpeft^as in this conceflion he can by no means be fuppofed to
have ftudied the gratification of a Roman Emperor, to whom his works are dedicated.
The Corinthian order may be feen in great perfeaion in what remains to us of the
antiquities both of Greece and Rome.
^ The compofite is peculiar to Italy, and thofe who admire this order will be much gra-
tified among the remains of art In that country. Perhaps it will be found to have no
great claim to the partiality of the genuine connolfleur.
Of theTufcan order there is no antient fpecimen, unlefs a fmall tomb, near the Trajan
column at Rome is to be fo confidered. But it by no means anfwers to the defcrlptlons
that have been handed down to us of that order.
Nothing Is more worthy to be remarked than the very contemptuous manner in which
Sir William treats all the admirers of Grecian art, Including among the reft the Dilettanti
fociety; a foclety that can certainly boaft of containing In its body all that is moft pro-
found and penetrating In art in this country, and to which the public is indebted, in
their publication of the Ionian Antiquities, for a few, indeed, but precious additions to the
ftock of genuine Grecian archltefture. They are all cenfured without diftinftion in our
author's obliging caution to ftragglers (a). This decifive mode of expreflion might be
deemed deferving of fevere reprehenfion ; but the popularity into which Grecian prlnci-
pies are daily growing, in fplte of the feeble attempts that have been made to decry
them, is the beft anfwer to fuch undlftlngulfhing aflailants. Sir William, not contented
with the enterprlfing attack he has made upon Grecian archlte6ture in general, has thought
proper to extend his hoftllltles ftlll farther, and to reprefent the antients unlverfally as
novices In the " conftruflive part of architecture {b):' When he published the Treatife
in queftlon, he promlfed a fecond part upon the fubjeft of conftruftlon. If this had ever
appeared, we fhould have then known better, perhaps, how to compare the principles of
the Surveyor-General of his Majesty's works with thofe that have flood the teft of ages.
To anfwer fully this unlimited cenfure it would be neceflary to enumerate the variety
of buIldlngSi of the antients, many of which are only known to us by the admiration
they exicit^d in. the writers whofe works are handed down to us, and every one of \\^hlch
would contribute to refcue thefe celebrated matters from the difgraceful accufatlon that
is advanced agalnft them. Sir \VIllIam Chambers, as has already been feen, had no op-
portunity of being acquainted with the conftruftion of the Greeks; his cenfure, therefore
{a) " But latterly, the Gufto Greco, has again ventured to peep {h) " In the conftrud^ive part of architedlure the antients do not
«* forth, and once more threaten an invafion. What, therefore, was " feem to have been great proficients. I am inclined to believe
" omitted in the fecond edition, it has been judged neceflary to in- " that many of the deformities obfervable in the Grecian buildings
O
'• fert in this, as a caution to ftragglers.*' Page 25. «* muft be afcribed to their deficiency in that particular." Page 23.
muft
[
xviii
■]
muft principally be confidered as applying to the praftice of the Romans ; and^ indeed,
nothing can be more wonderful than that a man, who had feen the noble remains of Rome,
could advance a charge fo little fupported by faft and reality. It is perhaps neceflary
here to proteft againft a mifconftruftion to which the above ftriftures may be liable.
No one ever denied, that Rome, in her fplendour, expended greater fums in ere6ting
public buildings than the Greeks at any period; nor can any one regret, more fmcerely than
I do, the ruined and imperfeft ftate in which their remains have come down to us. But I
reeret equally the fame cataftrophe that has happened to the Greeks. What I have
had principally in view is to deprecate the exclufion of any of the means of fcience from
the attention of the ftudent. Various knowledge is the true fource of excellence, and
he that is impreffed with a genuine ambition ought to embrace every opportunity that
can poflibly be held out to him* I am far from conceiving any apology to be neceflary,
or from attempting any thing of the kind in behalf of Grecian architefture^ Nothing
can plead fo fuccefsfully on the part of that wonderful people, as their own intrinfic merit,
and their productions need only to be feen in order to their being admired. At the fame
time I am happy to fee fo large a coUeftion of the productions of Greece as are contained
in the prefent work, and I flatter myfelf that very little injury will be done to this
interefting queftion, either by the attack of Sir William upon the tafte of the Grecians,
or upon the conftru6lions of the ancients in general. Let us, by allowing all the merit
due to the exertions of both people (for, as the fcience of the one fprang out of the other,
it would be very ftrange if either fhould deferve entire annihilation), extend the bounds of a
profeflion acknowledged to be '' too much circumfcribed by rules (a)," endeavour at leaft
to equal our predeceflbrs in imitation of the Romans, while we profit of our additional
advantages in an acquaintance with Greece; and, banifliing the diftinftions of ftyle,
manner and climate, throw open a grand field for the difplay of genius.
WiLlEY Reveley.
Southampton-rozu,
Edgware-road,
September i 1794-
Description of the Vignette, in the Title-Page, by Mr. Revett.
The earthen difti that is reprefented at top, upon a bowl of the fame materials, with glafs
vials two earthen Penates, or houfehold gods, and a fepulchral infcription on marble, is again fhewn
below with garlands of earthen vafes, lamp?, &c. They were all found in the ancient fepulchres at
Megara.
{a) Sec the fecond edition of Sir William's Treatife.
%
38 \
36
4fi
34
L^
38 \
36
4fi
34
L^
^^^J-^....-^.
-!^.
r
j r ;
0» /^^ P/an of Jthem*.
mult r f t , ^^-«^P^"-d the decline of Roman greatnefs, and which continued t6
d.ffufe their baleful influence long after its deftrudion, no one appears to have been more feverely felt-
than the umverfal torpor, which at this period poffeffed the minds of men; infomuch that, for fome
centuries the exertions of virtue and genius feemed to have ceafed. Upon the diffolution and ruin of
this mjhty empire, the imperial city was more than once a prey to Barbarians : the (lately monuments
of public magnificence, or private luxury, were now demolilhed ; thofe beautiful forms and proportions
which had excited the admiration of ages, became mutilated and defaced ; the arts themfelve;, from
which the moft marvellous effeas had arifen, were for a time extinguilhed. It was long before the
nobler faculties of the mind were re-animated, and began to affume their proper force and diredion, but
as knowledge advanced, and emulation was excited, the enthufiafm fpread over Europe, and with no
fmall degree of fervour ftrove to retrieve the hiftory of thofe atchievements, and to inveftigate the fyftem
of that policy, which, from beginnings by no means fplendid, had raifed fo flupendous a fuperftrufture
Rome became again the refort of the learned ; the venerable ruins of the city forcibly attraded the
attention of the curious, who were eager to examine the remains of her ancient fplendour; to thcfe
refearches, painting, fculpture, and architedure, the arts which had formerly contributed to adorn her,
* This chapter was left in an imperfea ftate by Mr. Stuart. The firft f of the rmnnrrr;nf ,„j t»» j-rv * j ,.
and greats pan of tha. which i. hJe pHa.a . gL neaH, in .he l"l \ tZj::^^!^::^^ """''"'"" °' *"^' ^^""^
Vol, IL «
0» the Plan of Athem.
we tW.r revival. The ancient topography of Rome was at this time with great diligence and accuracy
Xtai'dTand many interelHng pd- of ancient hiftory again were brought mto v.ew, and rece.ved a
fatisfaddry llluftration.
But Athens, that once celebrated feat of learning, whence the arts were derived although long for-
rak!n and aftly fubdued by the Barbarians, under whofe tyranny &e ftill langu.(hes, has feldom been
vitd by Perfon of erudition, leifure, and curiofity , and. at fuch times, thefe v.fus i.ave been cafual
Ind tralory. The Marquis de Nointel, who was there ini674. was the firft traveller of any confe
andtranhtory 4 j„ ^^e year 1675, feems to have been the moft earneft and
lZ.^^^^o..\^^^^^^- Sir George Wheler. who came thither with Dr. Spon .a
t year 6 6, and remained there fome months, feems to have been the moft perfevenng ; yet, notj
iTthftandinJthe pains thefe gentlemen have employed to afcertain the ancient topography of Athens I
I perLadfd t^ have been'but too frequently miftaken -, their authority, however, .s fo g-^ha the
ttv coLitted have generally mifled fucceeding travellers. The far greater part of the bu.ldmgs
Tb/ceadorr^^dlLekbrated place, are annihilated ; thofe few which remain are extremely mut.
: ed Thetadln of the prefent'inhabitants is for the moft part falfe. We may add that the ob^r-
vations of the ancients which have come down to us are direded more to grammatical -cet-s ortho-
rphy or hiftoricl narration, than to architedure, or topography. There are fome places and budd-
fZ o'f the identity of which we cannot doubt ; thefe we may ufe as data to afcerta.n tho e wh.ch unfor-
tunately no lo ger ex.ft One pr n p ^^^^ .^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ .^
ofthe Acropoh . Ths -^ yuPP _^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^
l:tf:mit;iretp:S, w^^^^^^ n^o fmainabour and diligence the entrance has b.n conftruaed.
111 Itum ft pSb - nduced a number to°fettle n'earthe IlifTus. and th, fountain Callirhoe;
, erdeed th" fom to have procured it in the earlieft times Q). In this vicinity, Cecrops, the
t Z of Ittns is f"d to have b^ilt the Temple of Saturn and Ops (c) ; ar,d, here alfo, we are told
ttufait r; Deuthon ereaed the moft ancL Temple of Jupiter Olympius ; near to wbch wa.
p,obab y '°/"«'' ™°;" ,^„„ f„„ ^^ Ler. Near .his part Uke»ife flood many a„a=„. temples
i tfixZn» > i,auo„,. Thus m.ch may.be f.id fo, Ac ge„e„l .de. of .he f„.,uo« of
(a) The moft powerful of thofe, ^xho were driven from the other parts
of Greece by war or fedition, betook themfelves to the Athenians for fecure
refuee, and as they obtained the privileges of citi.ens have conftantbr, from
theremoteft time, continued to enlarge that city vvkh frelh acceffions of
inhabitants, inlomuch, &c. Thucydides LI. . ^, • a.^
m The Athenians affirm, that they (the Pelafgans) were juftly ejefted
on account of the injuries they had done ; for, tl,e former fay that, whde
the Pelafoians continued to inhabit under mount Hymettus, they frequemly
lefc theirUbitations, and, in contempt of the Athenians, offered v.olence to
their fons and daughters, who were fent for water to the place called Nme
Fountains. Herodotus Lll. n . -/r ,„.^
(0 Philochorus Saturno et Opi primum in Attica ilaluiffe aram
Ccciopem dicit. Macrobius Sat. Lib. I, c. x.
(d) Before the time of Thefeus, that part which is now the citadel, and
that which hes on the fouth fide of the citadel, conftituted the whole of
the city. The temples, built either within the citadel or without, fuf-
ficiently fliew it, for, in the fouthern part of the city particularly, ftand the
Temple of the Olympian Jove, of the Pythian Apollo, of Terra, and of
Bacchus in Limne, in honour of whom the old Bacchanalian feafts arc
celebrated, &c. Near it alfo is the fountain, now called the Enneakrounos.
or Nme Pipes, from the manner in which it was embellilhed by the
tyrants ; but formerly, when all the fprings were open, it was called
Callirhoe, which, as being near at hand, they preferred on the moft folemn
occafions* Thucyd L. IL „ , •
(.) The Areopagus-Thc Prytaneum-The Temple of Bacchus m
Limn«.
Athens,
TSI
f
On the Plan oj Athens. jlj
been elegantly defigned and wrought with diligence. Although the walls which inclofed' a JZ
detnohfhed. and expofed to every i„ju:y, perhaps it is the ren^ains of the Pompeum ; bu th wll i^
the .nhabued part of the aty, you pafs by feveral (hapelefs fragments, and arrle at the Tel e of
Thefeus now the church of St. George: beyond this, you fee a very extenfive ruin, it rejinsonthe
r-ghthand very „.uch encumbered with modern dwellings. The plan and f.tuation p o e I to b h
remans of he Gymnafium of Ptolemy. Farther on is a magnificent building, formerly tl e pomcT
called Po.k.Ie, ,n which the fto.c fed was inftituted. This. I have no doubt, has been repaired by Ha in'
or, perhaps Antonmus Pms, the ftoic. Atafmall diftance weft ward is a ruin, called, by WheerTnd
Spon, the Temple of Rome and Auguftus. which I have fuppofed to be the entrance to the igora : it now
leads to the Bazar or market^place, and the principal mofchea ; near to this is the Tower of the Winds
and an ancient building, inhabited by a Turkift widow. " '
Proceeding on, through the inhabited part of the city, and ftill keeping to the north of the Acro-
polis, you pafs by the Panagia Vlaflice, or Vlaftcrea. or the Bleffcd Lady of Germination rrobaUv
built on the rums of the Eleufinlum ; farther on is a church and monafte/of nuns, called A.irKyra^
and the Chorag.c monument of Lyficrates, ufually called the Lantern of Demofthenes. You then com^
in fight of the magnificent ruins of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius. and the gate of Hadrian, in the
way to which you pafs two rums perhaps the Pytheum and the Delphinium; immediately beyond the
Olympieum, IS the Ihflbs, with the fpring Callirhoe. and the gate Diocharis. Thus have I endeavoured
to condud the.eader from the Dypylon, paffing on the northern fxde of the Acropolis, quite through the
city, to the Iliffus and the Callirhoe. r » i o "^
I have already fuggeftcd the probability, that fome of the firft additions to the original city were made
Jn the vicmity of the only entrance to it. The fitualion of the Temple of Bacchus, in Limne, of that of
Aglaurus, the Anaceum, the Prytaneum, and of feveral other buildings in this part of great antiquity
render fuch an opinion very plaufible ; and it is farther flrengthened by the pofition of The Areopagus'
the antiquity of which appears from its having been the tribunal at which Oreftes was tried for the mudeJ
of Clytemneftra and Cephalus for the death of Procris : near this was the place wherein the fliip was kept
which made fo fplendid a part of the Panathenaic proceffion. It appears to have fet out from the repofitorv
on the Areopagus, and thence to have proceeded to the Ceramicus and Eleufinium, where having
been marched round, it advanced to the Pythi.um. and thence returned to this place, whence it wa"
carried up to the Temple of Minerva Polias, in the Acropolis («).
Q) The ruins of a great number of ancient edifices, both near the entrance to the Acropolis, and imme-
diately under its fouthern flope, confirm and illuftrate our hiftorical knowledge of this part of the
Topography of Athens. But, as each building has a feparate place in this work, it is unneceflary here to
deduce the feveral proofs of their identity, or to mention more than is fufficient to give the reader an idea
of their relative fituation.
(a) With the Athenians, the Peplus is the fail of the Panathenaic fliip,
which every fourth year tlicy prepare for Minerva, condufling it through
the Ceramicui to the Eleufinium. Suidas.
(■*; This and the two next paragraphs are fupplicd by the Editors.
The
l^
Ofi the Vlan u/ Jthem.
The firft ruin which occurs in advancing from the Olympieum towards the Acropolis, is the Odeum of
Pericles, the only traces of which are, a femicircukr excavation in the flope of the Acropolis. Above
this is the Choragic monument of Thraficles, now the chapel of our Lady of the Grotto. Beyond are the
remains of an ancient portico {a\ probably part of the Peribolus of the Temple of Bacchus; it is alfo
probable, that they are the remains of the Portico of Eumenes, (mentioned by Vitruvius,) notEumenidum
{b) 2is fome writers call it. Farther on Weftward is the Theatre of Bacchus, which, with the preceding
building, forms a kind of outwork on the South fide of the Acropolis.
On the fummit of the rocky knoll, on the right, the monument of Philopappus forms a confpicuous
objea ; here may be traced the fartheft extent of the ancient walls on the South- Weft. The little
hollow on the North of this hill is, probably, the fituation of the Pyraean Gate. A little farther to
the Weft of the Theatre of Bacchus are the remains of the Theatre of Regilla (r). The hollow which
divides this from the hill of the Areopagus is, probably, the fpot called Coele by Paufanias, or the
hollow way. The hill of the Areopagus is, properly, the weftern continuation of the flope of the
Acropolis.
InmSec,
UvTiOCl l,xociou
The Gates of Athens, enumerated by Potter, are ;
Afterwards named A/TruAov, Dypylon Porta.
Porta Pirai'ca ;
Porta Equeftris ;
Porta Sepulchralis ;
Porta Sacra ;
Porta Aegei ;
Porta Diocharis ;
Porta Acharnica ;
Porta Diomeica ;
Porta Thracica ;
Porta Itonica ;
Porta Scaica ;
Porta Hadriani [e) ;
Of thefe gates, the Pir^an Gate is evident, being almoft in a right line between the Acropolis and the
Pirseus, and, as it were, fronting the Propyleum, is the modern way from the fortrefs to the
Pyrseus.
(a) The remains of this portico are a range of fraall femiclrcular Irchcs,
which may be feen a few feet above ground, and forms the fubftruaure of
the modern wall of the city.
(b) Eumenes was the fon and fucceflbr of Attalus, who had given his
name to a tribe at Athens ; and Eumenes himfelf is faid, by Livy, B. 42.
to have obliged btneficiis muneribufque omnes Grecla civitates. So that he is
very likely to have had a portico, called after his name, at Athens. I
think, therefore, we fliould read in Vitruvius Porticus Eumenica, or
Eumenis. The objeftions to Eumenidum (befides the violence of the
alteration) are, firft, that we have no reafon to believe that the Temple of
the Eumenides, on the Areopagus, had any portico capable of contaiwing
a number of people ; and, fecondly, that a portico, at fuch a diftancc,
could be of no ufe as a place of refuge from fudden Ihowers.
{c) Or the Odeum of Herodes Atticus. See Paufanias, on Achaia ;
where, defcribing the edifices at Patrafs, he fays, *' on one fide of the
Forum, is the Odeum, where is an Apollo werth obferving, &c. this is
the noblell and moft adorned of any Odeum in Greece, except that of
Athens, which excels it in fize, and in every other refpeft. It has been
built in my time by Herodes, the Athenian. In my treatife of Attica, I
have omitted to defcribe it, becaufe I had finifhed writing before the
building was completed." Dr. Chandler afligns ftrong reafons for regard-
ing this as the Pnyx. Editor's note.
{d) Livy, L. 31^ c. 24. fays of this gate : '* Porta ea velut in ore urbis
pofita, major aliquanto, patentiorque, quam csetcra ; et intra earn, extraque
latae funt viae.
(/) Lycurgus, in his oration againfl Leocrates, mentions a fmall gate on
the fide of the lliflus, without afligning its name.
The
V.
On the Vlan of Athens. y
the Dypylon is to the north weft, and is the fame as the Thriafian faj. The Equeftrian I fhould
fufpea to be to the fouth-eaft Under the mufeum. The Itonian the next eaftward, ^
ih.^"^'I"' !'" '"7V'"7'^ • '^" '"'"^ °f "'^'"^ "^ '■^^'^ ""^ C^"'^'-^- After this I (hould place
4he D.om6,an towards Cynofarges, and the Acharnian (the ruins of which are vifible) on the north of
the aty. The yEgean was perhaps not a gate of the city ; « the Mercury of ^geus's gate (.hich
IS the expreffion of Plutarch) rather implying the Hermes before the door of his palace." . The lerai is
perhaps, the fame as H^m. Of the remainder I fhould obferve, that the arch of Hadrian did not lead ro
the town, and that the Scman being only mentioned in a Monki.h legend (I,), we may reafonably doubt
whether it ever ex.fted. The 0^«.«, feems only an erroneous reading for 0.,«.,«,. And the H.L may
poffibly be only a poet.cal epithet given to one of the other gates above mentioned, and which, irom the
great number of fepulchres in that part, I fhould fufped to be the Hypades.
On the Uiffus was the country called Agra, and the temple dedicated to Diana. Agra^a, or Agrotera,
the village called Ardettos, the Lyceum, the Stadium Panathenaicum, the fountain Callirhoe. the gate
Diochans, the temple of Ceres in Agra (c), the temple of the mufes Ihffiades, and of Boreas.
On the fouthern bank of the Iliffus, at prefcnt are the following ancient edifices and ruins ; NTagrati U)
Stauromenos Petros (.), Agios N.colaus. Panagia, &c. the bridg. over the 11 ffus and bt ,dium Pana.hcn j-
cum. Petri, which is generally called the Temple of the Leffer Mylteries by the travellers f, ,ce Gu.l-
letiere The rums of the foundations of a gate, and a church, called, Hagia Maru. Ihe fite of
thefe I conceive to be the diftnaof Agra above mentioned.
There are two natural fountains in the city of Athens, one of which, from a double fource, fur-
niflies water enough to form a little ftream ; this rifes under the rock of the AcropoHs, on the nouh
fide of the Propyleum ; the other rifes under the rock of the Areopagus, la a grotto, on the north eaft
end ; they are both brackifli, particularly the firft, which probably will fhew the fituation of the rem-
pie of Efculapius (/). •' *' '
The plan which accompanies this defcription, is engraved from an accurate drawing left by Mr. Stu-
art, and is intended to (how the antiquities only. A map of the ftreets of the modern city would be too
uninterefting to prefent to our readers ; a fmall part, however, is exprefled near the Acropolis; it ex-
tends from the temple of Thefeus, and the Areopagus weftward, to the gate of Hadrian eallward, ani
forms a kind of oval, which is continued northward beyond the church of Georgio Pico.
Some years ago the city of Athens was facked and plundered by a fmall body of Albanians, immedi-
ately after which it was thought expedient by the governor and magiftrates to erea a wall for the de-
(a) Paufanias mentions the vrvXoci pxJJff, or Melitifian gate, near which
were the monuments of Cymon j confequently the gate mull have been
near Pnyx.'
{k) The life of St. Dennis the Areopagitc.
(f) Suidas in Ay pa,
(d) Diftant about a ftone's caft from the river.
(0 Called alfo OiA,aypxSi by the Albanians, perhaps from Aplfp/f aypo%px.
It is a little more diftant from the river than the preceding There is a
great deal of rubbifti on this fpot, and five ruined churches.
(/) For a circumftantial illuftration of this part of the topography of
Athens, fee vol. II. p. 3 — 8.
Thucydidcs enumerating fome temples, &c. fituated to the fouthward of
thecaftle, mentions likewife the fountain Enncacrune, fo called in the
time of the tyrants, that is of Pififtratus, and feems to fay that it was before
called Callirhoe, from fome beautiful fpri.igs that formed it. Strabo fays,
that there was without the gate of Diocharis, near the Lyceum, fome
fprings of fweet and limpid water, which formerly had been very copious,
and were adorned with fumptuous buildings, but that, in his time, thefc
fprings were much diminiltied. This muft be what Thucydidcs has before
related, and which Strabo has again noticed, when he defctibes the courfe
of the Iliflus, which paffes by Agra, the Lyceum, and that fountain which
Plato has praifed in his dialogue, intituled, " Phedrus." But how to
make thefe authors accord with Paufanias, who places it near the Odeum,
feems difficult; although, if we grant tiie building, wincli Whelcr furpecU
to be the Odeum, to be that of Herodias, there is a grot near it, whicli
is pierced in fome places, as if for the adraiffion of a current of water, and
correfponds with the defcription of Enncacrune, given by Paufanias , over
this are fome confiderable foundations, and near is the Pircean ga e ; fo
that if we fuppofe thofe foundations to be the fituation of the temple of
Ceres, it exaftly anfwcrs to what this author fays of the entrance into the
city by that gate, and it will follow, that the temple of Ceres, he tllere de-
fcribes as near the Pompeon, is the fame with this, from the entire de-
fcription of which he is deterred by a dream. It (hould be remembered,
that the Athenians had no aquedufts before the time of the Romans, of
confequence they had no artificial fountains i bur, after Hadrian's aquedufl
was finilhed, it is more than probable, that they alfo had fome, or at
leaft one fountain, and no place could fo properly receive this ornament
as the Ceramic fquare, which feems to have been the nobleft and befl fre-
quented part pf the city ; and Paufanias perhaps means, by faying the only-
fountain, not only fpring, for there are now three in Athens, but the
only artificial fountain, like ihofe of Rome, &c. Be it as it will, there is
a manifeft blunder in Paufanias, nor do I believe it the only one. Of this
fountain fee the quotations, page 8 and 38, vol. I. Phny makes two
fountains of Callirhoe and Enneacrune, as does Solinus.
" fence
. t
• '_
^» On the Plan of Athens.
fence of the city agalnft any future furprife of this nature ; the inhabitahts concurred with zeil in the
undertaking, and a Hight irregular wall, pierced with loop-holes for the difcharge of mufquetry, was car-
ried round the city, in a fpace of time remarkably (hort for a work of fuch extent.
The head-piece is two Ionic capitals cut out of one block of marble, and an imperfed infcription
on a very fine piece of marble, which feems to have been the upper moulding of a pedeftal ; both
found in a r^ped church on the road of Menidi, about three miles and a half from Athens, before yott
crofs the Cephiffus.
The tail-piece is a baflb telievo in the church of Crofoliotiflkk
/
^NeEZTHPlOY ^// /PAN oY
-AAAIEYZ AAAIEYS
i
Wk
TTE'S'
-m
I-
if
ILl*'" "i'^-Ji _
-m
I-
if
ILl*'" "i'^-Ji _
( vii )
Of the Map of Attica.
introduSiion to the Lijl of Modern Names of Towns, Villages ^ Monafleries^ Farms, ^c. with their
Ancient Names.
IT appears [a) from Euftathius, that the number of the Attic Demoi was 174, many of which are now
utterly deftroyed, and not only the names, but even the ruins fcarcely remain. I have endeavoured
to trace the original names of the modern villages, or, which is the fame thing, the fituatlon of the
ancient Demoi. But while I am intent on this work, it occurs to me that even the beft writers who
have treated of the ancient Demoi may be ignorant of the names of fome of them, as the manner in
which they pretend to fill up this number of 174 makes me fufped 5 for ibflance, Stephanus of By-
zantium reckons Cecropia among the Tricomoi ; and yet I do not remember to have met with it in any
lift of Demoi that has come to my hands. If the Acropolis was called by this name, the city could
only be compofed of two Comoi or Demoi, whofe names I (hall not pretend to determine, but how can
it be fuppofed that AFYIA . APElOsnArOi; • HNIH . KOAnNO^ArOPAlOS, &c. which were parts of the
city, {hould be Demoi ? and, if you take thefe away from the Catalogue, which to me appear pure fhifts,
to make up the number of Euftathius, they muft leave a chafm difficult to fill, and which will be
confiderably augmented, if you ftill continue to cancel thofe Iflands, Rocks, Promontories, Hills, &c.
which probably have no title to this name ; as ZQSTHP . YAPOY2A . ^APMAKOTSAI . ^ITTAAlA .
<^PITTI01, dec. I have added every name I could pick up, of what fort foever, Mountains, Promonto-
ries, Ports, &c. both becaufe as a Geographer thefe too fall within my notice, and becaufe fome of them
ftand a better chance, in my opinion, to have been Demoi, than many that are ufually inferred in the
catalogues, inftances of which may be given in KHIIOl . KnPaNElA . TETPAIIOAIS . TETPAK.OMO5 ,
KYXPEI02 . EHAKPIA, &c,
1
I would likewife fuppofe, that not only the Eleufinian Demoi were reckoned in the number of Attic
Boroughs, but likewife thofe of Salamis, if not Megara, though it feems as if Megara was excepted.
Modern Names of Towns ^ Villages, MonafierieSy Farms, ^c. with their Ancient Names*
Modern Names.
ABPIOKAXTFO OPIQ-
KASTPO or
STATPOKASTPO.
Ancient Names.
PAMNOY2.
ANA$I20,
ANA^ATDTOS,
Illuftrations and Remarks.
As the fituation, the remains of the temple of Nemefis, and aa
infcription, demonftrate.
Perhaps from P»/xvoc, the name of a plant mentioned by Diofcorides.
lies 62° W. of N. and faces 28* W. S.
The ancient walls of this Demos, borough, or town, remain ainioft
entire. It is on the fea (hore. At a little diflance from it, inland,
are the ruins of a Doric Temple, which is no other probably
than that dedicated to Nemefis,
Signifies fur fumferveo,
I find it 60 ftadia from Thorlcus. Xenoph. ITfpi c^fl-o'eTav.
Nowa Metochi belonging to the convent of Cyriani. There is a
port, with the remains of fome antiquities, and a church dedi-
cated to TO aHk (Atfa^oitA xai <ix/Aa1i)coi troiylfXifpi.syoff
(tf) The whole of this Jift appears to hare been left in a very unfiniihcd manner by Mr. Stuart, and as fuch It is given to the publick
Modera
Modern
Modern Names.
l.rTPA.
i^AicnHKia.
)
AMneAOicHnoz.
ArrEAAKI.
a:sanh.
asomatos.
AV;//i?J oj Towns, Filkges, Monafteries, Farms^ ^c.
Ancient Name»» Illuftrations and Remarks.
ANArTPOYS.
Vide Suidan StrabbO.
"Perhaps from Avayvpn called Anagyris foetida by Linnaeus. Thh
town, according to Strabo, is on the fea fide between Aexon^
and Thtorae, which places could not be far from Haffani and Vari,
between which villages is a place called Agyra. I fliould add
that off the Promontory, between Agyra and Vari, and which I
fuppofe to be Zofter, is the Hland called Phlega.
AAOriEKH 6t AAOnE. F^m Axo^reH, Vulpis.
The country of Socrates.
Perhaps the village now called Aliopcci, fituate on the eaftern fid«
. of Hymettus.
KuKO(r«py«. Herodot. V. 64,
XI or XII ftadiafrom Athens. Efchincs in Timarchum.
A'AMnPA vitm^SV XM The neareft fea-port town to La^tobrica, from which it is diflai*
about one hour's ride.
KHnoi.
ArrEAH.
Perhaps AI^ONH
er AlsHNlA,
ArXESIMOS.
A50MAT0S.
ASTEPI and SITHPI.
ATAHtOnL
AHAONA.
AriOS KOSMA.
Ari02MEPKOTPI02:.
AriA lam wgeav/olflf.
AnOX laANNHX npoA-
PHM02:.
AFIOS Imvm flcoXoyoc*
ATlO% A0ANA2IO2.
Anoi; sniPinN-
APIA TPIAAA*
YA^IAAI.
AIHONH.
TPIKOPYNeoS and
TPIKOPT0ON.
Prom KtiTTof, Hortus.
Perhaps from AfytUw, Nuncio. Jn the neighbourhood of KayH*.
Near the fea, famous for MullctJ.
From Apx«of, Vicinus, Propinquus.
Seems to be that clufter of hills lying N. E. of die City.
2ABANAK0NAA, or 2ANAK0TTA, is one part of this clufter nearer
the city ; and T«pxoC«.«, that farther off towards Cephifia. On
the Weft of T«pxoe«v» is a viHage called Yux^xe'. 2«e»y«xa7« is
called likewife Hevaxalas^
On Corydallus.
STfePIA or 2T£IPIA. Paufanias.
Near the City.
BA<^L
Modem
1^
with their Ancient Names. ix
Modern Names. Ancient Names. Illuftrations and Remarks.
BAPH.
0OPAI.
BEPXAMIorMnEPXAMI. EXEAIAAl.
BA0H.
BAAA.
Perhaps BATH.
Strabo. Between Lambra and Anagyrus.
Af/xoi Tr« *At|»x»i; ok-rro E%t\H r,^uci' «Toc ^i aito thxi Toirs, f«Ia^u oyloj.TK
navjt9r,vjt«oi;. Stephanus, Bizant.
Sec Hefychius.
BAPIBOBI.
BAI.
BAPNABA or OTPNABA. OTPN.
BIXIEPA.
BPANA.
BYfAATOTPPH mi
<^YAATOTPPH.
Perhaps IKAPlA.
BEPENIKIAAI.
^TAII.
The word fignlfies, Trihs, ClaJJls,
0TA AKAITPON on the road from Athens ro Thebes on Mount Parncs.
A very ftrong fituation, about 5 or 6 miles from yia^nlix.
BPHSA.
BPAHNA.
BTA.
Forte BPATPHN.
ToTTo; Tii? At7/x^« fv u to, AiovuVta ^yovlo, &c. Vide Paufanias.
hyx^axov Bpaupwka. Mari Adjacentcm. Nonnus Dionyfiac. XIII.
V. 186.
BAPBAPA APIA or
KAFNAPI.
BHSSA.
BAPIMnOMni.
BAsiAEonrros.
BOTPBA2.
FTOTOKASTPO.
TETAAH or TEPAAH.
FPAMMATIKOS.
riornH.
TYP12M01:.
mixxK,
APMA.
lAHIS-
HAIKH.
Popuhis ifte mcdius inter Anaphlyflum Thoricumque fuit.
. Xenoph. -atPi 'apovoim*
ToTTOf T>ij ArliKri;. Suidas. Kan za-apaoifxTa olxv Si apfAttlot ao7pa4^ awloc.
ruiv %po»'»w« yivofAti/wr u% xtci rni AtIix»)? wf^i -njv €fvkn» x«Xsf*£v>!if UTf|»%«
ie 8T0? J£f*0{ <%«v ^psp»ov o%up«» ojxo^ov, ^c», tij runaypixij, Steph.
Tijy AtIixjiv e Kr7i wept 4>uMi> ir^ji^v t>?{ Arltx*}; ofAoeov t»i Tocnaypx* Strabo
& Plutarch in Parall.
The modern Greeks for rpajw/AAlEu? fay rpaji*j^a7«x»j, and I am apt to
imagine that ApfMtlcvi may have fuflfered the fame change, and be
the place now called rpa|»aa7»xo or*'Ap|*a7jxoV.
Perhaps a falfe reading in Strabo. Sec Chylander's Strabo. Per-
haps from "Ea.^ vortex. Gyrus,
I
I
I
Modem
Modern Names.
riAAOT.
riANOYAH^
TH2 rPAIS .
TOnHAHMA.
AAFAAA.
AA^NH,
AA0T2.
AIONYS.
Modern Names of Towns, Villages, Monafiaries, Farms, ^c
Ancient Names. lUuftrations an^ Remarks,
EAIOY2A and AI02A.
ENNEAnYPrOL
EAEY2INA,
EMHAI or MHAL
KOPYAAAAO:^.
A1QNY2IA.
axpaAoys;.
AEPBENH,
AEPBHSAFOYS.
APAKONA or
TPAKONIS.
AHAH2H and
KAPAAHAH2H.
APAniTZONA or
TPAniSONA.
EAAAA.
E.MA2 AnoS or
HAIA2 AnOS.
EAIMO^ or EAIMB02. EPxMOS.
EAEY2I1;.
EPAKAH and lEPAKH. aPXIAAIA.
ZA^HPL
ZE^HPI.
0EPIKO or 0OPIKO5;. 0OPIKOS.
Signifies m aqucduft.
Half way between Caraia and Athens, in the diftrift of Agra.
Between Stamiti and Cephifia.
A Metochi of Cyriani on the foot of Pentelicus near Stamati.
Suidas.
A pafs guarded.
Trakonis are four villages on a hilly fituation, about fix miles from
Athens. The Phaleric marlh extends this way.
Perhaps from A;tP«5» ^V^^ communis. Linn. Varietas Sylveftris.
A ruined Demos paft Calamo in the way to Marcopolis.
A mountain neat Lcgrana.
A mountain near Anaphlyftos.
This may poffibly be the place now called EAiMOS or EAIMBOS.
The mutation of an P into an A being very frequent, and the in-
terpofition of an I fhort between twp conlopants extremely
fiatural*
Signifying nine Towers.
|n it there arc many ruins,
Oi^ the Cephiflus,
The fituation of this place is very evident, and its name (till re-
mains entire. Here are great ruins, among which that of a
Theatre is very eafily diftinguifhed. The port on which it
ftands is now called Porto Mandri, and may probably be the fame
with the n«.7o' {*»lp.o of Ptolomy. I could difcover no infcription,
though I vjfed much diligence.
Modern
with their Ancient Names.
XI
Modern Names.
Ancient Names.
lEPOSAKOYAA
lEPOSAKOYAH.
lANYAI.
lEPAKA.
lA^OTIA.
lAAOT.
AiriAlA.
Illuftrations and Remarks.
Perhaps from A»y»Xo; herha capris grata.
Meurlms confounds the mountain by which the Spartans entered
Attica from Elcufis ; with the town placed by Strabo between
Anaphlyftus and Lambra.
lEPO XAKYAOMAINON
or MNEMON.
KANriA.
KAAAMO,
KAINOTPIA OSniTIA.
KAAENFH or
KAAENTZH.
KAAANAPI.
KAKH2KAAH.
KAA0KAMB02.
KAAH2A.
KAAKOYKH.
KAAKOMATAAE2.
KAKH^OrrAH.
KAAENXI.
KAFNAPA.
KAMnOKOIAH.
KADANAPITH.
KAMAFH.
KAB0K0A0NNA2.
KPESm.
KAPEAA.
KAPAAH.
AETKONiON.
EKAAH.
SOYNION.
Where Meton the Mathematician was born.
Reeds.
Signifies new Houfcs.
Rupes Scironides.
A monaftcry near Calamo.'
A^e; TJjf Awv7/(l»{ fwXnf oJ^>jjAor>j« (KA^vioc t» TOjr»x« ixocXiOfv* exaXiju^g ixaX'!«ri»
Brazier.
A fmall rugged mountain near Daphne. It is ifolated all round.
Hollow field.
A round fmall hill in the Eleufinian plain*
Diibmtfi:omtliePirieum33oiladuu Strabo. 4a Roman nules. Pliny.
AFPAYAH XXI ArPTAH. Plutarch in Alcibiade.
Perhaps from 'Ay^ auXtw. Ruri perno6lo,
t%)f TO fjc^ioif TO n«iya6^»aVxo> X7f>0( rtp AnfAw tu a-nmf^iv AypuXn. H^rpocr^tes.
Modern
I
I
xu
Modern Names of Tan^ns^ Villages, Momfleries, Farms, ^c
ji
I
III
Modern Names.
KAPLIA and n
KOTPIA^ES.
KAPITOS Uiioy}.
ICATA^HKAI or
KATA^TKE.
KH^ISIA.
KII.
KEPAKTrNH.
KEPAMIAAI.
KYNEFOS.
KEIPATIA.
KIOYPKA.
KITAI or T£TA.\.
KOKAAA.
KOMAPPEA.
KPIBAKOAI.
KONAOYPA.
KOPOPO.
KPOYSAAAAES and
KOYPT2AKAAAI, or
KPY2AAA or KPHHIA.
KOPAiAiA nYPros.
KOPOYrNH.
KOPIOKAEIAIA.
KOYBAPAX.
Ancient Names.
IKAPIA »3 Kaf^affc.
Illuftrations and Remarks,
A monaftery at the foot of Hymettus.
a>HrAIA.
KH4)l2:iA.
KEPAMEIKO:^.
The bcfl village in the Attic Territory,
A creek not far from the Pireum.
A place near Athens, where they made bricks and tiles.
The ancient Ceramicus £|« W -aoXiui muft have been hereabouts,
Signifies Figlina^
KEIPIAAAI perhaps Fafcia,
Forte KYKAAA.
Bones.
A fruit.
Derived from a fort of (hoes of that name.
KPnni A or K YPTI A A AI. Perhaps from KpwTr.ov falx.
The village called Crufalades by the Greeks is by the Albanefe
called KpwTT.a. The fame people call a neighbouring fituation
Old Curtfalades, There arc ruins which may, perhaps, be the
remains of Kup1ia«^«u Note. I here, that is in Cropia, found an
infcription with the name KpwTrwt on it, but loft it by the care-
lefsnefs of a fervant.
KOPaNElA and
XEPONHXOi:.
AEKEAEIA.
A large and ftrong town quite ruined Kop«v£<a co-j xa» Xtpovi<ro; wpo? rtj*
AtI.x^v. Near Praffa is a promontory making one fide of the
entrance of Porto Raphti ; it is now called Corugni, or Kopj.'yv>j.
Pecelia is 120 ftadia, or 15 miles from Athens, and as much from
Boeotia. Thucyd. Lib. VII. It might be feen from Athens,
p. 348, on the road from Oropus to Athens, p. 353. See
likewife Plutarch in Alcibiades. Now the fhorteft road from
Oropus to Athens paffes by a place called 'A7.0? Mfpxsp.s-; and
Kop.o KxfJ.a, which laft feeras to anfwer the fituation and de-
fcription.
Modern
Modern Names*
fcOTKOTBANES m
KOTKOTBAQNES*
KOYTAAA.
AAMBPIKA*
mth their Ancient Names.
Ancient Names. llluftratlons and Remarks.
•••
AIBAAH,
AIONH or TPAKONH
Porto.
AI^OKOTAAIA or ri
YITTAAIA.
AEKKONOPAI Uiio-^i
AEFPINA and
AArPIONA*
AAMIIPA xxivTts^im
TBAAAl xxt TEA.
IIEIPAIOS.
YITTAAIA^
AEKKON.
AATPION.
MANAft no^%
MAPAeONA.
IIANTOMATPId*
MAPAeaN.
MAPKOnOAIS £i;lov
MAPKOnOAI2 etc tol
MAPOTSIA*
TETPAnOAID,
AMAPY2IA.
MAFPATH*
AFPA xoLi AFPAI.
Here are feveral rums thougl) without form, and feme toleratle
fculpture feme fepulchral infcriptlons with Umptreus on them,
and another infcripcon on which is /^«^.^.. It is about , or ,i
miles from the Tea Oiorei ^ i>^
A meadoWi
t*erhaps from ^F.tIo:, citd.
An illand uninhabiced.
Afxxoy opo(, a Metochi of Atxxo*.
Perliaps A.V/..0., the u is frequently changed into y, for inftance,
'EypiTro« from "Hup.^f, and the termination « added ; for, the mo-
dern Greeks never finifh a word with a confonant.
Thucyd. L. II. and VI. Plutarc.
Aiyp.va and A«yp.o^«, neir Kag.Kc^ovya, and another part near P^^7., Is
called Maufcvop,?; and A.tp^.op,;. There is a rugged mountainous
tradl full ot exhiufted mines and fcoria, extending from Porto
PaftitoLegrina; at Porto Rafti it forms a ptomontory calM
Mauron onfe, perhaps a corruption of Laurion oros.
Anethum feniculum Linn.
Templum Herculis. Herodot. VI. iiC;.
Aberat Athenis millia pafluum, five ftadia o£taginta. C. Nepos iri
Miltiad.
Equally diftant from Caryto in Eubsa and Athens. Pauf.
T% At7«k^; tx««.« J,p,«f xa« v^tUcci rer1<xpxi 0»o„V, npoCaX^v9cv, Tp^xopv^cr,
M<*f*0J^a. And Strabo, in his enumeration of the twelve cities
of Cecrops. See Oivo, rr,^ Ai«»7Jof, in the feparate lift of ancient
names.
A village, called, perhaps, from the temple of Diana, Amaryfia^
which was in the Demos AOf^ov-v. We difcovered a fubterraneaxt
aquedud near this village ; and an infcription.
It was in Athmonia. See Pauf. Attica,
From Aypxj Venatio.
EiT. xal rn; At1.x,-« tsrfi t,« ^^,^^, U S r« f,^np^ f«ranV.« «r»ki7.) M.p^
T«i. vnp) rlv A.gW I, Z X^yj^ff, xxi TOK Hp^xxU [Lt^^Z^uu Step. Biz.
Aypx A»ia^7^»« lip,, llu Tn<i uroXm^ trfx^ tov ,\,a(rov. Suidas. Strabo in the
9th Book. Calius, L. XX. C. 7. and Lib. VIII. C. 7.
There is a place near Athens, perhaps 2 miles acrofs the'llyfTu^,.
called HypwTo w«^ff*«, perhaps Aypx, f^.cTif^;. It was certainly a
fuburb of Athens, acrofs the Ilylfus. And it is probiSle, that
the country between the Ilylfus and the foot of Hymettus was
likewife called Ayp^. In this diilrid, about 2 and 4 miles from-
Athens, is a village of feven or eight houfc:?, called K»px : and,-
paft the Stadium Panathenaicum, is a church dedicated to St.
Peter, in a diftrid called Mxypuln; it is on the Ilyflus, a litile more
diftant from which are many ruins, and among them iome welltf
and five churches.
I
I
Modern
XIV Modern Names of Towns^ Villages^ Monallaries^ Farms, ^c
Modem Names. Ancient Names. Illuftrations and Remarks.
MAPMAPA. ' ^ ^^^S^ church near Marufia, perhaps the fituation of the Temple
of Diana Amaryfia of the Athmonians.
MirAlOSI.
MATPOBOYNA,
MAYPONOPHZE.
MA0IABOYA mt
AMAHlAnOTA,
MAXI.
MEFPA.
MENIAH;
MEAITAI.
MESSIA.
MEZOKOYAAIA.
MENAEAH.
MTPPENAA.
MYPPHNH.
METPOnHSH.
MTPTEPOPI:
MNEMON.
MONOMATI.
MIKPHOTATA.
NOSE A.
oponos xoLi apoiiox.
HAAEOKASTPO.
nAAE02:nATA.
MEFAPA.
nAlONlAAI.
MEAITH x<xi MEaITON.
HENTEAH.
MTPPIN0T2.
AM^lTPOnH.
MTXTA xoLi MYSSIA. AA1M0Y2.
ANAKAIA.
nPOSIIAATA.
A mountain contiguous to the South of Hymettus.
A mountain over Rafti to the South.
Perhaps a f*£\», Melle.
Perhaps, Meffiah.
Mountain.
Mountain near Megra.
See Efchines*s Oration on Timarchus, as cited by Meurfius.
METPOnHIH. The initial vowel being loft, and the M* making a
found in the modern Greek approaching that of an M, the accent
on the laft fyllable in the ancient name may have occafioned the
increafe of a fyllable in the modern name. It ftands at the di-
vilion of the great road going to Sunium from Athens. The left
hand leads by Thoricus, and the right by Anaplyftus,
Near Megra.
The Bay near Phaleros, on which Tpi? wvypoi uiili x«i rpioxovla ra7»a ts
af£oj a7r£xov7of. Demoft. in Eubulide.
Perhaps at prefent MTZSIA and Tpt? nufxyw. Strabo places AxifAouc
after the fifcchtpot ; and this place may be about 3 or 4 miles from
it on the fea-fhore, and 4» nearly from the city.
A^axaiw, incendo, is a mountain, and is a part of Varus. There
is a great quantity of charcoal made, and fires are frequent on it.
Several ruins have this name, one under Mauro Vouni near Cropia.
Modern
Modern Names.
IIANI Mons.
HATISSA*
HEAHKAS.
nEPAMO.
HEPaNAI.
HETFAKH.
niKEPMH.
niFAAlA.
nPASSA.
nENlTO BAPBAPO.
nXNTO BAPBAPO.
PAnHNTOSA.
PA<|)HNA.
PA^TI nofjo.
PARANA.
2A ANAKOYAA mc
nENAKOYAA.
SAAESI-
SKAPAMArrA Mons.
X¥LA?n^.
SKOTHEPI.
2ENAEPINA.
2EnOAlA.
2EPAKK0.
2A$HPI . 2ATHPI .
rE^HPIor^Eq>HPI.
20TAH,
20$PnNH.
witb their Ancient Names.
Ancient Names. Illuftrations and Remarks.
The mountain of Ceratia.
XV
nHAEKES.
EniElKlAAI.
IIPASIA.
APA<E>HN.
EISAAAS AIMNH.
A village near Athens.
A village and monaftery near Maryfia.
The convent near Anchefmus.
Totally ruined on Port Rafti.
See BouJapoy, and the note in the lift of ancient names, to which no
modern names are affigned,
A mountain, part of Pentelicus.
On the fhore of Attica, not far from Port Raphti. Near it is
Brauona, diftindt from the Brauna of Spon, which is nearer
Marathon.
A large harbour named from h^a,<^y,
A mountain, where is tiie Grot of Pan near Vari.
Stephanus Ax«<.
See 0f/«, in the fcparate lift of ancient names.
I
AZHNIA.
HTFETH and TPOI AI. Near Athens.
Near Marathon,
I
<topnN.
*wfw» was a fea-port near the Pireus. See Strabo.
Quere, if the port and town were near each other ?
Modera
XVI
Modern Names of Towns ^ Tillages^ Monafteries^ JFarmSy ^c.
Moderil Kames.
SIIATA^
Ancient Names.
Illuftrations and Remarks.
Signifies fword.
STAMATH.
STf-^ANl..
2TPATIOT1KH Porto.
^YPIANH.
TOYPKOPOTNA.
MTNYXIA m
MOTNTXIA.
A Convent on Hymettus, 5 miles from Athens. Perhaps from «i«
A port of Anchefimuis, or of Brileflus. See Bp»XE<r(ro?j in the lift of
ancient names, to which no modern names are afligned.
TATTOI.
TPIKEPEIA.
TPEAOBOYNA.
TEPATA.
TMETT02.
a)ANAPI fc Porto Catena. $AAEtPbN.
Mountain between Megra and Eleufis.
Mount Hymettus.
Tp,£T7of is a mountain now vulgarly called tpjXo jSowa, though the
few civiller Athenians ftill call it T^hr^ (iowuf andmonte Umetto,
from which the Franks have made monte matto, which in their
language fignifies mad mountain. And the Greeks have again
tranflated it Trelo vouni, which likewifc fignifies the mad
mountain.
Signifies albus fpumeils. ''
Demetrius Phalericus.
5>IAAIATL
<E)IAIO KA2TFO xoLi
^YAAKASTPON.
<[>IAAIAAI.
<^TAH.
The country of Pififtratus.
On the road from Athens to Thebes on Mount Parnes. A very
ftrong fituation, about 5 or 6 miles firom %«o-j«.
XAPOAI.
XABOZKI.
XAPA xoci KAPA-
A round lake on a promontory near VarL
Near the foot of Hymettus towards Haflfani.
XAPAKKA.
' KAPBATON.
XASZIA.
riATPOKAOT XA PAX* Septum Vallum.
rAPFETTOS.
XA2TIA.
A village.
The fons of Pallas, having refolved on war with Egeus and Thefeus,
divided their people in two parts ; one part marched openly to-
wards Sphettus, to aflault the father ; and the other forming an
ambufcade waited at Gargettos. They had with them a trum-
peter, named I.eo, of the village Agnus, who difcovered this am-
bufcade to Thefeus. For this reafon the people of the Pallene
never efpoufe the women of Agnus.
XPY2A.
XYAO KEPASAi
Pfetraici mons.
YYXHKOS.
JL^
sIjJ:
[ xvii ]
Lift of Ancient Names.
ABASKANTOS.
ArNOYS.
ArriA.
AZHNIA.
A0HNAI:
AeMONON.
AiriAAOS.
AI0AAIAAI.
AITIONA.
AKAAHMIA.
AAAr'AlHQNIAES.
AAAI APA(|)HNIAE2:.
AAOIIH.
AMAZONION.
AMAHANTEIA.
AM^IAAH.
AM0IAAO2 AKPA.
T«ro« AnXiy. Tip, J, ^ ^oX« zsrvf .u7„ e<r,', Hp'xKX/ccy ^e i Fx.
ixwvo^ tr«fa to a«r<r« f»»(r»N
In this Demo, was the temple of Diana Amaruf a, ,vhence Mamfia. the modern village ha, i«
name, and was probably the Old Athmonum. See Marufia. ^ ' ^ '"
A mountain. E»«9.^.1. o H,^.- . ™ a.,..x.. .^. .„ aA«,.. 3.^, .„ „ ^^,^ ,,„^^,„,
Thucyd. Lib. VIII. P. 429.
SexiUa a Dipylo ftadia in academiam confecimus. Cic. Vide F. Junii Academiam, c. , and z.
In the neighbourhood of Marathon many Demoi were fituated.
Step. Biz.
Strabo.
AM^IMAAOX KOAnOS. Ptolomy.
ANTIOXEIA.
AnOAAHNIElS.
APAHTT02.
APElOSnATOZ.
ASTYHAAAIA.
ATAAANTH.
nav«9nv«ixo». Harpoc. Tottoj mp tov IXi<r<roy Tyfuf t« n«y«en, &C.
A.x«p,p,ov «0,(»,(r,y. Suidas. Pliny, L. VII. C. 5^.
A Promontory pair the Thorai. See Strabo and Stephanus Bizantinus, neither of whom call it a Demos.
Perhaps the fame with firTuXia.
An ifland, in which neither Strabo, nor Stephanus, nor Paufanias, mention a Demos ; where it exifted
Li focoTIlia"'"'""'"'''''' """^ ''"*''" ^*'^" "'"' ""' ^^'■'"™ " °"'^ °"' '"""''' ""^"1
* ATHNH.
athnh*
AcMANA.
AXAPNA.
AXEPA0Y2.
BEABINA.
BOYKE^MAAS:.
«
BOTAHPON*
BOTTEIA*
BOiaXIA.
BaKAPA and BaKAAIAS.
BPIAE2202.
rAAEOTAI.
rOPFTNA.
AAIAAAIAAI.
AAOT2.
Lift of Ancient Names.
In the convent of Daphne, which is on a hill about half-way from Athens to Eleufis, are feveral
" infcriptions, on which the name of Aphidna, or Aphidnaios, is legible.
Sixty ftadia or 7I miles from Athens. Thucyd. II.
^ An ifland near Anaphlyftus.
Er» ta* Bsx£f *AAs x*fw^ Tiif Arlixiif. Stcph. Bizant,
Seems to be a part of Turcobouna. See Theophraftus de fignis Tempeftatum,
A««f x«. ^«p Ar1.xo.5 ^.. T« T«v cxaV ovof^aV, A«o» x«.y.7«.. Stephanus Bizantinus in voce t^mi.
A monaftery on the mountain Pentelicus.
AEIPAAES.
AIAKPIA.
AIAKOIAH.
AIOMEIA.
AOPI2K02 AKPA,
APTM02.
Regio a Parnethe Brauronem ufque Diacria, Hefychio tefte, vocaretur;
Herodot. VI, I03.
AiojxEJa, &C. HpaxX>j5 yap cttj^evwGei? w«pa KoXutJo?.
Inter Boeotiam et Atticam fuit. Harpoc.
Sylva Quercina, from A^ug, Qucrcus.
EAAHTEiaN.
EIPE2IAAI.
EAAIET2.
EA0T2:a.
EAENA.
EAET22A.
ENNA.
EHAKPIA.
Oleofus.
Now Macronifi. An ifland lying from Cabo Colonna towards Thoricum.
On the Eaft fide of Attica. Zxmlwv twv x«» K|>ava«wv. Science des Mcdailles, Tome II. P. 248.
An ifland off Thorai. See Strabo.
In fummitate arguftus defmens acuminatus.
Strabo, Book IX. enumerating the twelve cities that compofed the Attica in the time of Cecrops.
See Suidas.
EniKHeHSlA.
Lift of Ancient Names.
XIX
EHIKH^HSIA.
EPETPIA.
EPEX0IA.
EIPIKEIA.
EIPIXIAAI.
EPOIAAAT.
EPXEIAAI.
EPXEIA.
ETKONGEIS,
ETnYPIAAI.
ETaNTMOS.
ZnSTHP.
HETiriNEIA.
H^AISTIAAAI.
eHBH.
Oi h aico T»j5 Afl»i»iKriv Epttpixf n wv earn ayofx* Strabo* Forte K«aawo; Ayo/wjo?*
Birthplace of Ifocratcsi
Country of Xenophon.
TfixwfAUi (Jt TarS; exaXav QnTivpt^x;, xfxpwTrfe. v^nKnKocq, Step.
T»jj AT7tx>!f j(S{*of U7ra ^a<ri rtiv X>ilw Xu(r«J t»iv ZwW. xa9£»(r«v £v -ni Xi^r»l Karxtrhi Ulxvh 3ua<ri» Ax»e»c X»i7oi. x»»
Ap7?/*«J'«, xa» AttoXXwvi Zo?»ipi'w. ,
In the promontory near Vari, vyhich I take to be the promontory of Zofter, is a fmall round lake
encompalFed on one fide by precipices ; and on the other of no eafy accefs, it is now called VoUafmene,
or Chavalhi. The water is fair, and in fome parts fo deep as to be fuppofed unfathomable.
Vide Diog. Laert. in Platone. Lib. III. C. XLI. Meurfius, D. A.
©„|3», &c. tK% IV TTi At7ix;J. Steph. de urbibus. On the road to Daphne, in the fituation where I
fuppofe Lacidai may have been, is a fepulchral infcription. M\i%Kux AttoxxoSo^od ^uya1>j|) 0n«a*«.
eHMAXOS,
epiA.
Strabo IX. Plutarch in Pericle.
This muft be near Eleufis/as the Thrafian Plain received its name from it ; and Strabo fays it is on the
{hore near the promontory Amphialus. There arc ftiU fome ruins in this place called, Scaramanga.
Quere, if Skiron was Scaramanga.
epioN.
eYMOITAAAl.
GYPrONlAAI.
1KAP102.
IMZXOX.
mnOTAMAAAI.
ISTIAIA.
ITEA-
A fea port, or near one.
See Suidas and Plutarch in ThcfeuSi
Pollux, Lib. IV. Cap. XIV.
Opo5. Plixiius, where Comedy was invented.
no'xis r;^('ArUni I S T.p«v1«. eu MouToc. Ixar.ih' «f ATToXA.Vcopoj. Step, dc urbibus. Perhaps ^oX.j for ^o1x(.of.
Callirrhoe. Modern name.
Salix. The places where willows grow are fcarce in Attica, which is a dry foil, and has fcarcely a
perennial brook in it. However on die Cephiflus, near a place called Dervifagu, there are
many.
mNlAAl.
KAAH.
KEKpnniA.
Lift of Ancient Names.
On the fea (hore, where the Orator Cecilius was born.
I do not remember to have met with this in any lift of Attic Demoi ; yet Steph. Biz. reckons it among
the Tpr/«jxoi. See EupTripjcTaj, &c. and Thucydides Tays, n h^io, i%ov\^ ro ^lya.'hto* o^oi Skx, K.£xpo7r*«j fw;
afixovloi if A^apvai ^wpiof pbcyifoy. Lib* II« p. p C«
KE^AAH.
KHz^iAl.
KHTTOI.
KIKTNA.
KOQCKIAAI.
K0AATT02;*
KOAHNOz innios.
The country of Eubulus. Comic poet.
The birth-place of Efchines orator.
Birth-place of Plato, and Timon the Mifanthrope.
Strabo, Book I. aS Colyttus and Melitae, although feparated by ditches and land-marks, who will re-
count us their precife limits.
Collis. Montium faftigium. Locus editus. ■ KoAwvo? y»{? a>apin*a tottos u4^Xo;. — Suidas. iTtriot o -srovti^wv,
SvnXt^xv rriv £xxA»jT»av ff tov xoXuvov (ecrt ^£ upov) Tloanicovoi i^u T»i5 uoXio; atnyjiy faJi's; juaAifa Stux, Thucyd.
Sexilla a Dipylo ftadia in academiam confecimus me ipfum hue modo venientem convertebat ad
fefe Coloneus, ille locus cujus moefta incola Sophocles ob oculos verfebatur.
Cicero. De finibus, L. V. C. i.
Sometimes imagined part of the city ; if (o, they muft be between the Pyraic gate and that of the
Ceramicus or Dypylon, though I Ihould rather fuppofe them without the city walls, and between
the long walls where there arc places whofe fituation may agree with this epithet.
KOAONOS ArOPAlOS.
KOACNOS Ml^©10^, From M^irOoj Merces. Salarium, Stipendium militum, pretium habitationis.
KONAYAH,
KPANAAI.
KPinA.
KTAAeHNAlON.
KYAANTIAAI.
KXeHPON.
KTxNOXAPrES.
KTNOSOTPO^.
KTXPEIQS.
KHATnES.
AAKIAAAI;
AAPINE.
AOPI22A.
AEI^TAPION.
Suidas.
Birth-place of Andocides, orator.
ToTTOC T/{ £(r» VTO.^ a0>)J'or«j ^ npov *ipoiKXHi(. — Suidas.
Hcfychius. OuM XaxovtH»i kou axpa m MotpaOwvps trf oo?>jv Eu^oiav Tf7p«{*£vi|.
Country of Miltiades and Cimon.
So entirely ruined, and even the ruins are without a name, and fcarce difcerniblc; it muft be on the
road to Eleulis. It was the fecond Demos on the facred road.
Plinius. Eons.
Step, in voce Larifla, xa» ty t»i AtI»x»i i<ri Ax^ivra,
Hefychius Xa'^iovl*.
AETKOnrPA,
■I
Lijl of Ancient Names.
XXI
AETKOniPA.
KouCup*, or Kou(pup«, near 2 miles from Ccratia. On the road to Marcopolis it bears 51* 50' E. of S.
from Lambria.
AHNAION.
AIMN AI. From A/f^VOt^ Aia raura f* Tw ap^aiwJailw ifpw tou A<oyu« » Aipws fmray. Demoft. Orat. in Ncai. and AipflU «» A0»i»«Jf
Paluftris. totto?, &c. Hefychius.
AOT2IA.
ATKABETT02.
A hill near the town.
MAKAPIA.
n.ivu. R. A. 36.
MHAAINAI.
ME0OTPIA.
Nnffo? fxila^u AiyivJif xai At?»xt;?.
MEIAHTON Ka/ MIAHTON.
OA.
OH.
OION . AEKEAIKON.
OION KEPAMEIKON.
OINAI.
OINOH TYiq AIANTIA02. Ad Marthonem. Strabo, |u.«v7«» ix TtlpotTroMw? nTr^^ wipv M»e«S«»» ad Eleutheras. Strabo, Thucydides.
OINOH TViq inno0OQN-
TIAOS.
OTPTNEIS or Otrynen-
fes.
nAIANiA KA0TnEP.
0EN.
riAIANlA TnENEP0EN. Demofthenes.
nAAAHNH.
Herodot. L. I. 62.
nAMBOTTAAAI.
nANAKTOS.
nANTO MATPIO,
Iloplo /Aav<fp». See other lift.
nANQPMGS.
nAPNES.
Parnes autem a Boeotiis finibus aberat, ciim in occidentali fui parte. Phylem refpicerct ut teftatur
Theophraftus, de fignis Tempeft.
nEPEASH.
nEPSETS. t^oA(^.
Step. "Erifj weXtwvi
nEPI0HOIAAL
XXll
nEPieoiAAi.
nEPPIAAI.
ni0os.
nAoeEiA.
nNiS.
Uiji of Ancient Names.
Whence the gallery in Pnix was turned (placed, looking) towards the fea, but in the time of the
thirty tyrants it was changed and placed on the iide of the country.
MsIwB Ilauo-ayjM AeuxohJjjj. 'HAjorpoTriov £v Tf\ cxxArjo-ta fOijxE. Avovvf* in Meurlio de Archon, QS.
noIKIAOS OPOS.
nopos.
nOTAMOS.
nPOBAAINGOS.
niEAlA.
PAPION.
Ilauo-avtaf. xa7i% ro xrotx/Aoc xixXovt/.ivov t^oq.
2HMAXIAAI.
ZAAAMI2.
2KAMBONIAAI.
SKIPA2.
SKIPON.
OTOPriAOS.
2TBPIAAI.
ZTnAAHTT02.
SnENAAAH and E^SN
AAAH.
2:<I)ETT0S.
TETPAK0M02 HPAK-
AE02.
TI0PA2.
TITAKIAAI.
TPINEMEIS.
On the way to Eleufis. Pauf. L. I. Alcibiades.
Situated on a torrent.
Strabo Kai IKlPA.
The firfl Demos on the facred road was called Skiron ; it was fituate dn a torrent, probably that which
rifes in Ancehfraus j and joins the Cephifus, there are now no remains of it; perhaps the same with
Exocfaixxvyot,
It is curious, that Sphettos fhould hdve the same relatioti td Sphetterosj thine or yours, that Hymet-
tos has to Hymetteros, mine or ours.
TPOIA.
aiTr
TPOIA.
TTPMIAAI.
TAKIN0O2.
TAPOTSA.
TSIAI.
TOOPMOD.
OAPMAKOTSAI.
OATPA.
4)EAAETS.
UJl of Ancient Names.
E<ri xfti «AA«, Tpor«i » At7.xii xtt/tAt) ^ri? wv Hu«7« .Tf/Aoc xaAi<7a». Steph,
Uctyu wfp T«y 2:(p£V(rov»«y. Suidas.
An illand, and may poffibly be called Taiifm^y^i it lay off the Axonians,
Oiy#X« alfiw^, ^^ Tcria^, ief*.mrm wxolirc rilj AT7ix»if. Hcfodot, 5. 74,
Are two illands in the Straights of Salamis.
An uninhabited ifland near Aflypalea.
*OpOf TJ){ AT7<X»|f.
xxiii
<JHrAIA AAPIANIAIS ^y^'^'i « '^f*? M«p«fi«yi.
KAI AirEIAOS.
^HFAIA nANAI0NIA02.
<E>HrOTS.
OATA.
<>OPMISIOI.
4)PEAPP0I.
4>PiriA.
OPITTIOI.
XITQNH.
XOAAAPrOS.
XOAAIAAI.
XPTSA.
QPTXION.
QPQnOS.
nrxriA.
K«i « oJw Tu nc ve^atiwf i»f vwiw <p\iywn. Suidas.
Birth-place of Themiftocles.
E<ri x«( rot *puy'» x^t7«poj two? p7a£u Bo«u7i«f xai AT7<x»if.
Teirof T»J5 ArJixiif t» tstixov, wpu^'Of. EjXpopjay Ajovu<r«,
I;^i»of «v ta^iyioitrn 1jx«rw oxXfiw-«i>7o. Step, dc Urb.
EX£)^eTo xat 11 ArTix?) vauroc 0)^^t«, Step.
Modem
BIZKIA.
AEPBENH.
[ xxiv ]
Modern Names of the Villages in the Megarefe Territory.
AEANAP02.
AOAEKA EKKAE2IA.
KAKI2KAAH.
KONAOTPA-
MAZAI.
MEFAPA or MEFPA.
nEPAXOPA.
20T2AKH.
To thefe we may add fome Villages in the Megaran Tract.
ArXOH.
AirEIPOTSA • mi AIFEIPOS.
AiroseENA.
EAIS2ANTH.
KPHMION.
MEFARA.
NI2AIA.
nHFAI.
2IAOT2.
SKIPOS.
TPinOAlSKOS.
uv 01 TpiTToJbi TptTTO^to-XiOV Xsyovfxi xaO o
dytfcc Tuv Msyxftuv miloci, Strabo, p. 6()4
n vuv
Modern Names in the Order they occurred failing from Schiathos to Negropont,
nONTIKONHSI. , AAIBEPL
EAAENIK02.
2TPOXOPH.
OPEOT2.
APIA.
AI0AAA.
lAATPA.
AT^POS.
POTBIAI2.
AIMNH.
rPAIAZ SnHAIAIS.
nOAITIKA.
ETPinOS.
nAAAIO KA2TPI.
BA0IA2.
nPO0IMO2.
BOTOAAPS.
APMIPO nOTAMO.
KAMA BAFNH.
2TOTPA, in which bay are
HAriOS, FEaPFIOS, AHAISI, &c. and feveral iflands.
EMnOPION.
KABO MAPMAPION.
nETAAOTS, five ifiands.
FATKOPEMATA,
KAPISTOS.
KA2TPI, ruins.
KABOAQPOS.
Shores
^^^^^
[ XXV ]
Shores, Forts, and Promontories, beginning at Cenchrea, and proceeding to Sunium.
KHrKPEIA.
20T2AKI.
KAKI2 KAAH.
TPAniZONA.
APAKO.
2TPATIOTIKH.
^ANAPH nOPTO.
MTSIA.
TPis niproi.
AriOS KOSMA.
AFTPA.
Between Trapizona and Draco are foroe creeks ; and on the promontoiy which projects moft is •
ruin of a round building, probably a temple.
Pyreum. For a particular defcription of this, fee the Chart.
Munychia.
The ancient Phalerum.
Alimust
XABOSKH and BOTAIASMENH,
BAPH.
AOMHAPAH, or AAIKO.
ANA4)ISTO. Anaphlyftus.
AHFPANA.
XAPAXA.
KABO KOAONNA.
Fatrocli Charax.
Sunium.
TA niFAAIA TOT HASKIA.
nANOPMOS, or Agio Nicola.
nOPTOMANAPI.
0OPIKOS.
TOTKO AIMNIONA.
AAS KAAIO.
KAKI 0AAASSA.
KOPOTrNH.
nOPTO PAOTH.
Thoricus.
An ifland with fome ruins, formerly a monaftery.
g
iiii
saBenraBVBDcn^VBv^vp
4
J'idUi^?uias duvkcdi^vts dj/MzaMiSaMn Fc/rn V^y/
dUulLiJatlp'
Jjriucn I'l/^L 1 ''/■<'//'■)■ m cm
}
I
}
I
I
m-.
n
[ I ]
CHAPTER I.
Of the Temple of thefeus.
rpHE Trave Hers who have vifited the City of Athens, and the Authors who have defcrlbed Its Antl-
J- qumes, all agree, that this Doric Temple, one of the nobleft remains of its antient magnificence,
and at prefent the moft entire, was built in honour of Thefeus. This opinion is abundantly juftified by the
fculpturesm fome of the metopes, for, mutilated as they are, it is evident feveral of the exploits of that
hero are there reprefented (a).
Nor can it be doubted, that this is the Temple which both Plutarch and Paufanias place near the
Gymnafium of Ptolemy (hj; great remains of that Gymnafium are yet ftanding, and their fituation in
regard ot this Temple agrees exadly with the information thofe authors have left us.
On what occafion Thefeus was thus honored, we are taught by the above-mentioned authors. Flu.
tarch particularly, after recounting his heroic deeds, and the ingratitude of the fadious Athenians to-
wards h.m, with his banifhment and death, fays, « In after-times, feveral motives concurring, the Athe-
« mans honored him as a hero. Many of thofe who fought againft the Medes at Marathon imagined
' they faw his apparition in complete armour, rulhing before them on the enemy. After the con-
« clufion of the Median war, Phaedon being Archon, the Athenians confulting the Oracle, the Pythian
(a) We may therefore alTume this temple as a fixtand certain point, which
will determine the fituation not only of the Gymnafium of Ptolemy, but
alfo of the Poikile, and of the Agora ; as I have remarked in the firft vo-
lume of this work, page 40, and attempted to iUuftrate by a plan inferted
m the tail-piece of the laft chapter of that volume.
( l>) K«» Kintu fiXi iy JUI5T) rv «roXi» wagi to »S» yv/^wo-wr. Plut. in Vit. Thefet.
And he lies interred in the middle of the city, near the prefent Gymnafium.
Wav9««rT«. . . . nfi5*iTJyi;^v«,r(«0«riVir»».V''. Paufan.Attic. c. xvii. p. 39.
Not far from the Agora is the Gymnafium, called from its founder the
Ptolemajum ; in this are placed Hermai of ftone, which deferve our no-
tice; here is alfo the brazen llatue of Ptolemy, and that of Juba the Ly-
bian, &c. Near the Gymnafium is the Temple of Thefeus.
The followihg infcription found among the ruins of this Gymnafium,
ftems to relate to this llatue of Ptolemy.
Vol. III.
j
OAHMOE
BASIAEAirrOAEMAION BATlAEnSIOYBA
YION BAEIAEnsnTOAEMAIGY EKrONOM
APETHS ENEKEN KAI EYNOIAS THE EAT
TOT.
The people
Have erefted this ftatue of king Ptolemy,
The fon of king Juba, the nephew of king
Ptolemy, on account of his virtues and
His good will towards them.
This Ptolemy was the fon of Juba the younger, and Cleopatra Selene,
a daughter of Anthony and Cleopatra. He could not be founder of the
PtolemjEum, becaufe it is mentioned by Cicero long before the birth of
Ptolemy the Lybian. See his treatife </? /«/^«5, (Lib. v. i.) A Ptolemaeo
Logi filio Conditum : Paufanias in Attieis (Nota) Ed. Olivet.
B « Prteftefs
i
m Of the Temple of Thefeus.
« Priefters anrwered, tliat they fliould bring back the bones of Thefeus, dcpofit them honourably m
** their city, and with a religious obfervance keep them there (a)."
This was accompliftied when Cymon the fon of Miltiades had conquered Scyros ; there, after a di-
ligent fearch, he difcovered the venerable remains of the Hero, of fuperior ftature, with the brazen point
of a fpear, and a fword lying by him (thefe weapons in the heroic age were of brafs) ; and having em-
barked them on board his fhip, he carried them to Athens, where they were received by the citizens
with fplendid proceffions and facrifices, as if the Hero himfelf had returned to vifit them. His re-
mains were depofited in the middle of the city, near the prefent Gymnafium.
Nor was this all; feftivals were inftituted, and games celebrated, in honour of the event; and on
this occafion, as it has been generally fuppofed, happened that famous contcft between ^fchylus and So-
phocles, two competitors for dramatic glory, who fince that time, if we except Euripides, have hardly
cither of them had a rival : the vidory was adjudged to Sophocles, and his high-fpirited antagonift. un-
able to fupport the difgrace, or fubmit to the decifion of his Judges, left his country, and paffed into
Sicily a voluntary exile. This was tranfaSed, we are told by Plutarch, in the year that Aphcpfion was
Archon (h), which the beft authorities place in the fourth year of the feventy-feventh Olympiad, 467
before Chrift ; that is, exadly forty years before the death of Pericles, or precifcly at the time when he
began to acquire popularity and power in Athens : fo that this Temple may well be accounted a work of
the age of Pericles.
It is built of Pentelic marble, and, in the language of Vitruvius, is a Pcripteros, as will be particu-
larly explained in the remarks on Plate II. The principal front faces the Eaft ; and the pediment of
that front appears to have been adorned, like thofe of the Parthenon, with figures of entire relief, fixed
in their places by cramps of metal ; for on the face of this pediment remain feveral holes, in which the
«nds of thofe cramps have been inferted, though the figures they fupported are all of them deftroyed.
On the metopes in this Eaftem front, are reprefented ten of the labours of Hercules ; and on the four
metopes next that front, both on the Northern and Southern fides, are eight of the atchievements of
Thefeus. It will appear the lefs extraordinary, that the labours of Hercules fliould make fo confiderable
a part of the ornaments of this Temple, when we recolleft the refpeft and gratitude which Thefeus pro-
feffed to that Hero, who was his kinfman, had delivered him from a tedious captivity, aad had reftored
him to his country ; on his return to which, he confecrated to Hercules all the places that the gratitude
of his citizens had formerly dedicated to himfelf, four only excepted ; and changed their names from
Thef^a to Hcrcul^a (c). Nor could it be efteemed a flight compliment to Thefeus, when on buildmg
this
(n) Plutarch, in the Life of Thcfcul.
(i>) Plutarch, Life of Cymon.
a^ayla Kae.i>««» 'Hg«x\M, ^ crgaruyo'gJVcrEi- t» i/lJ enatiwy, 'HpxMTa, w\%i ttvaifuu PlUt.
in Vit. Thef.
Aidoneus granting the requeft of Hercules, Thefeus was releafed from
prifon. He returned to Athens, where his friends ftill retained feme au-
thority ; and there, whatever facred places the citizens had before affigned
him, he confecrated to Hercules all, except four, changing their names
from Thefea to Herculea. Plutarch in the Life of Thefeus. Euripides alfo,
in the tragedy of Hercules, relates this inftance of the gratitude of The-
feus ; he there introduces that hero addreffing Hercules in the following
manner :
"£«« y «/*' i/*r» Wfo? ■B7($Ai<y^»naAX»J«f«
Atf in-lfx TMJ^n Kywo-cioy xolaxiaywy.
* Tfjui'yn ^iJa?*** tomJt' i««i»o/i*«ff/«vai
Si 6iy TO hMvn U ^fol»>> ■ixX««-J(i*(
Obedient to the law, retire from Thebes,
And to the city patroniz'd by Pallas
Proceed with me ; thy blood-polluted hands
There duly purified, thou fhalt receive
From me a maulion, and fhalt fhare my wealth ;
The gifts ray country erft beilow'd on me,
For tnat in Crete, twice feven .^vthenian youths,
Death- doom'd, I fav'd, and flew the Minotaur,
Be thine ; to me whatever facred and apart
The land contains, henceforth to thee be facred.
And bear thy name thou living i but when dead,
And to the (hades below thou ftialt defcend,
"With facrifice, and marbles high imboft
With coftly fculpture, all th' Athenian State
Shall celebrate thy virtues, &c.
V. 1336. K«y« x^V* «'«'* '^^« V^5 tr»)1i}f»«s
And I for my deliverance wrought by thee
Will thus my debt of gratitude repay.
^
J'.
m
I appre-
Of the Temple of Thefeus. %
this Temple to his hoAour, their labours were thus placed together. The remainder of the metopes^
and the pediment of the pofticus, or Weftern front, have never been adorned with fculptures.
It IS now a church dedicated to St. George, for whom the prefcnt Athenians have as high a vene-
ration as their anceftors had for Thefeus ; and to this we probably owe that it is not in a more ruinous
condition. It feems fcarcely worth mentioning, that Mr. Vernon, who vifited Athens in the year 1675 {a)y
and
I apprehend that! may be thought to have mirmterprcted Euripides, Four miles from Spalatro is Salona, which (hews the ruins of a great
When I tranflated > a'w^^ r lioyxii^cr, by fculptured marbles ; I (hall endeavour town. About as much farther from Salona (lands Cli((k, upon a rocky hill,
to apologize for my miftake, if it is one, by relating what occafioned it. an eminent fortrefs of the Venetians, which is here the frontier againft the
In the ION Euripides takes notice of fome fculptures that adorned the front Turk : from whence they rcpulfcd him in tlicir late wars with great ho-
of the Temple at Delphi, among others the battle of the Gods and Giants nour. I was at Lefina» where is nothing very remarkable; but Biondi, who
is faid to be on (lone walls » Ttl^tn Xalvoirt. Thefe muft have been figures has written our Englifli hiftory, was of it. Trau is ancient, and hatlx
in relievo, for of ftatues it cannot be faid they are fculptured on (lone good marks of its being fo. Here I fpoke with Do£lor Staiilco, who put
walls, xaW^t T'i|oyx«/xa<rt, ftones fwelling or prominent might, I imagined, out that fragment of Petronius Arbiter ; and I faw his manufcript.
by a metaphor, be employed to (ignify alio relievos^ fuch as we fee in the
metopes of the Temple of Thefeus, reprefenting the labours of Hercules,
and to thefe I imagined tlic exprc(rion alluded*
This Temple was finifhed in the time of Euripides, when I fuppofc
him at leaft 16 years old ; for he was born the firft year of the 75th Olym-
piad ; and we cannot allow lefs than 5 years for the erefting this building,
and finifhing the paintings and fculptures which adorned it. Euripides, we
are told, began at a very early age to write tragedy ; thefe fculptures were
then new, and probably the beft that had been feen at that time ; they
were doubtlefs univerfally admired by the Athenians, whofe vanity would
eagerly apply the flighteft fuggeflion that Ihould do honour to themfelves
and their Hero. The words in queftion, underftood as I have tranflated
tliem, would, I thought, make him a prophet, whofe promife they had
juft then compleatly fulfilled. The Hercules furem of Euripides, like the
fculpture of the Temple of Thefeus, celebrates unitedly the virtues of the
two Heroes.
(a) The following letter from Mr. Francis Vernon was written to the
publilher of the Philofophical Tranfa^lions, giving a fhort account of fome
of his obfervations in his travels from Venice through Iftria, Dalmatia,
Greece, and the Archipelago, to Smyrna, from whence this letter was
dated January 10, 167^,
S I R,
I muft beg your cxcufe for not having written to you in fo long a fpace :
the little reft I have had, and the great unfettlednefs of my condition, is
the reafon : neither have I now any great curio(]ties to impart to you ; only
fome fmall circumftances of my journey I will run over.
From Venice I fet out with thofe gallies which carried their araba(radour
that went for the Porte. We touched at moft of the conliderable towns of
Iftria and Dalmatia, by the way. In Iftria we faw Pola, an antient repub-
lick. There remains yet an Amphitheatre entire ; it is of two orders of
Tufcan pillars, placed one over another, and the lower pillars ftand on pe-
deftals, which is not ordinary i for commonly they have nothing but tlieir
bafes to fupport them. There is likewife a Temple dedicated to Rome
and Auguftus ; a triumphal arch built by a lady of the family of the Sergii
in honor of fome of her kindred, which commanded in thefe countries;
befides feveral infcriptions and ancient monuments which are in divers parts
of the town.
In Dalmatia I faw Zahara, which is now the metropolis of the country.
It was anciently called Jadera. It is now very well forti(ied, being cn-
compaffed on three (ides with the fea, and that part which is towards the
land extremely advantaged by all the contrivances of art, having a caftle
and a rampart of very lofty baftions to guard it. I found here feveral antient
infcriptions by me copied, which will not find room in the compafs of a
letter. We paflcd in light of Zebenico, and faw three forts, which belong
to the town, St. Nichola, St. Gioanni, and la Tortezza Vecchia, but we went
not a(hore. That which is worth feeing in Dalmatia, is Spalatro ; where
is Dioclefian's Palace, a vaft and ftupendous fabrick, in which he made his
re(idence when he retreated from the empire. It is as big as the whole
town: for the whole town is indeed patched up out of its ruins, and is
faid by fome to take its name from it. The building is maffive ; there is
within it an entire Temple of Jupiter, eight fquare, with noble Porphyric
pillars and cornice, worth any body's admiration. There is a court before
it, adorned with ^Egyptian pillars of that ftone called Pyropoicilos, and a
Temple under it, now dedicated to S**. Lucia ; and up and down tlie town
feveral fragments of antiquity, with infcriptions and other things, worth
taking notice of.
I was in the harbour of Ragufi, but not in the town, becaufe we made
no ftay there. From hence we palTed thegulf of Budua, and faw the moun-
tains of Antivari, the plain of Durazzo, and Apollonia, and came to
Safhno, a fmall ifland, from whence we could fee the town of Valona, and
the mountains Acroceraunii, which are very near, and are now called
mountains of Chima;ra. I ftaid a fortnight in Corfu, and had time to
view all that was confiderable in the ifland, particularly the gardens of AU
cinous, that is the place where they are fuppofed to have been, now called
Chryfida, a moft delicious fituation : the ancient port now called Ni«f»«
9a\«C7«, and feveral foundations of antient fabricks. In Zante I was like*
wife a fortnight, where I faw but little of antiquity j what is modern is
very flourilhing, and the ifland rich and plentiful,
I went from Zante to Patrafs, a town in Achaia of good note among the
ancients. Near it is a great mountain, mentioned by Homer by the name
of Petra Olenia. In the town are feveril mafFive ruins, which few thcr^
know how to give any account of. There are the remains of a large church,
dedicated to St. Andrea, who they fay was martyred there. This is the iirft
town 1 faw on the continent of Greece. The plain about it is very fruit-
ful, full of fprings and rivulets ; finely wooded with olive trees, cyprefles,
orange and lemon trees. The citrons here are counted among the bcft of
the Turkifli empire, and are fent for prefcnts to Conftanlinople. So ar«
all their fruit in very good eftcem.
In Athens I have fpent two months. Next to Rome 1 judge it the moft
worthy to be feen for antiquities of any I have yet been at. The Temple
of Minerva is as entire as the Rotunda. 1 was three times in it, and took
all the dimenfions, with what exaftnefs I could ; but it is difficult, be-
caufe the caftle of Athens, in which it ftands, is agarrifon, and the Turks
are jealous, and brutilhly barbarous, if they take notice that any mcafure it.
The length of the cellar or body of the Temple without fide is 1681 feet
The breadth 71J Englifh.
Thefe raeafurcs you may rely on as cxa£l to | a foot.
The portico of the Dorique order, which runs round it, hath 8 pillars in
front, and 17 on the fides; the length of the portico is 230 feet Englifl)*
I have taken all the dimenfions within, with thofe of the «r^r«oj and por-
ticos ; but they are too long for a letter. The fu/te or (haft of the pillars
is 19^ feet in circumference. The intcrcolumniura i ^ of the diameter
of the pillars.
The Temple of Thefeus is likewife entire ; but 'tis much lefs, though
built after the fame model : the length of its cella Is but 73 feet, the breadth
26. The whole length of the portico which goes round it, 123 feet. *! is
a Dorique building, as is that of the Minerva. Both of them are of white
marble. About the cornice on the outfide of the Temple of Minerva is a
iajp releivo o( men on horfeback, others in chariots; and a whole pro-
celfion of people going to a facrifice, of a very curious fculpture. On the
front is a hiftory of the birth of Minerva.
In the Temple of Thefeus on the front within fide the portico, at the
Weft end, i« the battle of the Centauri ; and at the Eaft end feems to be
a continuation of that hiftory ; but there are feveral figures of women,
which feem to be Pirithous's bride ; at thofe other, ladies which were at
the wedding. On the outfide the portico, in the fpaces between the Trig-
lyphi, are feveral of the provvclTes of Thefeus, moft in wreftiing with fe-
veral perfons, in which he excelled ; all his poftures and looks are exprcflcd
with great art. Others are monfters, which he is made encountering with,
as the bull of Maratlion, the boar of Calydon, &c.
There
i4
4 Of the Temple of Thefeus.
tod Dr, Spon, with Sir George Wheler, who came there early in the following year, have written
their
There is a Temple of Hercules, a round fabrick; only fix feet diameter,
W neat architeftui-e. The pillars are of the Corinthian order, which fup-
ports an architrave and frize, wlrcrein are done in releivo the labours of
Hercules. The top is but one ftone, wrought like a (hield, with a flower
on the outlide, which rifeth like a plume of featliers.
There is yet ftanding the tower of Andronicus Cyrrheftes, which is an
t)ftogon, with the figures of 8 winds, which are large and of good work-
Xnanlhip, and the names of tlie winds remain legible in fair Greek cha-
ta^^ers (where a houfe, which is built againft it on one fide, does not
hinder) as kirnKmrm £2fe$, Bo^ia;, £«i(<Di>, Zi^v^f, each wind placed againft its
quarter in the heavens ; and the roOf is made of little planks of marble,
broad at bottom, and which all meet in a point at top, and make an obtufe
pyramid of fome 32 or 36 fides.
There is a delicate Temple of the lonique order in the caftle ; whether
of Pandrofus, or of whom, I cannot tell; but the work was moft fine,
^nd all the ornaments moft accurately engraven ; the length of this Temple
^^ ^7 1 feet
Breadth 38 J
Thefc pillars which remain of a portico of the Emperor Adrian, are very
Jlately and noble ; they are of the Corinthian order, and above 52 feet in -
height, and 194 in circumference; they are canellate ; and there arc now
Handing fcventeen of them, with part of their cornice on the top. The
building to which they belonged, I meafured the area of, as near as I could
conjefturc, and found it near a thoufand feet in length, and about fix hun-
dred and eighty in breadth.
Without the town, the bridge over the Ililtus hath three arches, of folid
ftone work : the middlemoft is near 20 feet broad. There is the Jladium
yet to be fcen, whofe length I meafured, and found it 630 feet, near to
what the precife meafure of a fladium ought to be, viz. 625.
Towards the fouthern wall of the caftle there are the remains of the
theatre of Bacchus, With the portico of Eumenes, which is near it ; the
femi- diameter. Which is the right fine of the demi-circle which makes the
theatre, is about 150 feet. The whole body of the fcene, 256. Monf.
De la Guilliotierey in that book he hath written of Athens, hath made a
cut of a theatre, which he calls that of Bacchus, which is a mere fancy
and invention of his own, nothing like the natural one ; which, by the plan
he has drawn of the town, I judge he did not know. I give you this one
point, that you may not be deceived by that book, which is wide from
truth ; as will appear to any body who fees the reality, though to one who
hath not feen it, it feems plaufibly written. I have dwelt long on Athens,
but yet have faid nothing. This town dcferves a whole book to difcourfe
of it well, which now 1 have neither time nor room to do ; but I have
memorials by rac of all I faw j which one day, if it pleafe God, I may
fliew you.
Thebes is a large town, but I found few antiquities in it, excepting
fome infcriptions and fragments of an old wall, and one gate, which they
fay was left by Alexander, when he deraoliflied tlie reft. It is about fome
fifty miles diftant from Athens, as I judge.
Corinth is two days diftant: the caftle of 'AujoxogivSo? is ftanding, which
is very large. The main of the town is demolifhed ; and the houfes, which
now are, fcattered and a great diftance from one another.
So is Argos, which to go round would be fome four or five miles, as the
houfes now ftand ; but if they ftood together, they would fcarcely exceed a
good village. Napolo della Rumilia is a large town, and full of inhabi-
tants, and the Bafha of the Morea refidcs there ; it is but very few leagues
diftant from Argos.
Sparta is quite forfakcn ; Mcftra is the town which is inhabited, four
miles diftant from it. But one fees great ruins thereabouts ; alnioft all the
walls, feveral towers, and foundations of temples, with pillars and chapitres,
demoHlhed : a theatre pretty entire. It might have been anciently fome
five miles in compafs : and about a quarter of a raile diftant from the river
Eurotus. The plain of Sparta and Laconia is very fruitful, and long, and
well watered. It will be about eighty miles in length, as I judge. The
mountains on the Weft fide of it are very high, the higheft I have yet
fcen in Greece ; the Maniotes inhabit them. But the plain of Calamatta,
which anciently was that of MelTene, feems rather richer. Corone is very
abundant in oUves. Navarino, which is eftecmed tlie ancient Pylos, hath
a very ftrong caftle, fortified by the Turks, and is the beft portin all the
Morea. Alphcus is much the beft river, and the deepeft, and with great
reafon extolled by all the ancient poets, and chofen for the feat of the
Olympick games ; for it is very pleafant. The plains of Elis are very goodly
and large, fit to breed horfes in, and for hunting ; but not fo fruitful as
Argos and Meflfene, which are all riches. The beft woods I faw in Pelo-
ponnefus, are thofc of Achaia, abounding with pines and wild pear, the
Ilex and Efculus trees ; and where there runs water, witli plane trees.
Arcadia is a very goodly champain, and full of cattle, but is all cn-
corapafled with hills, which are very good and unhewn. Lepanto is very
pleafantly fituated on the gulf, which runs up as far as Corinth; and
without the town is one of the fineft fountains I faw in Greece, very rich
in veins of water, and Ihaded with huge plane trees ; not inferior in any
thing to the fpring of Caftalia on Mount Parnaflus, which runs through
Delphos, excepting this, that one was chofen by the Mufes, and the other
not ; and poetical fancies have given immortality to the one, and never
mentioned the other.
Delphos itfelf is very ftrangely fituated on a rugged hill, to which you
have an afcent of fome two or three leagues ; and yet that is not a quarter
of the way to come up to the pique of Parnaflus, on the fide of which hill
it ftands. It feems very barren to the eye, but the fruits are very good
where there are any. The wines are excellent, and the plants and fimplcs
which are found there, very fragrant, and of great cfiicacy.
About Lebadia, and all through Bceotia, the plains are very fertile, and
make amends for the barrcnnefs of the hills which encoropafs them j but
in winter they arc apt to be overflown for that reafon, and to be turned
into lakes ; which renders the Boeotian air very thick, and fo were their
Ikulls too, if the ancients may be believed concerning them; though Pin-
dar, who was one that fublimated poetry to its higheft exaltation, and is
much fancied and imitated in our age, as he was admired in his own, was
born there : and Amphion, who was faid to be fo divine in his mufic
that he ravilhed the very ftones, had flcill enough to entice them to make
up the walls of Thebes ; fo that not every thing that is born in a dull aur
is dull.
Thefe vales I found much planted with cotton, 2n6. fefamum, and cummin, of
which they make a great profit and a great trade at Thebes and Lebadia. I
went from Thebes into the ifland of Euboea, or Negroponte, and faw the
EuripUs, which ebbs and flows much after the nature of our tides ; only the
moon, and fometimes the winds, make it irregular. The channel, which runs
between the town and a caftle, which ftands in an ifland over againft it, is
fome fifty feet broad ; and there are three mills on it, which ftiew all the
changes and varieties that happen in the current. Near the Euripus, and
oppofite to the town, they fliew a port which they fay was Aulis, and it
is not improbable, for it muft be thereabouts. Between Negroponte and
Athens is a high hill called , formerly very dangerous, but
now guarded by Albanefes : it is part of Mount Parnafle ; and near it on
the left hand lies Mount Pentelicus, from whence the Athenians anciently
fetched their ftonc, and now there is a convent of Caloieris there, one of the
richeft in all Greece,
In going from Athens by fea, T embarked in a port which lies juft by
Munichia : that which they call Porto Pyraeo lies behind it a mile diftant,
which is a large port, able to contain 500 velTels. There are the ruins of
the town yet remaining, and of the walls, which joined it to the city of
Athens. I failed by Porto Phalero, the ancient haven of Athens, which
is rather a road than a port. I faw an ifland called fXfSfj, where the Athe-
nians had anciently mines. I went afliore on the promontory of Sunium
to view the remains of the temple of \4inerva, which is on it. Hence I
failed among the Ifles of the Archipelago, Macronefia, Thermia, Ser-
phanto, Syphanto, till I came to Melo. From Melo I failed through the
Cycladis to come hither. I pafied by Andros, Tenos, Mycone, Delos ;
Naxia and Paros I faw at a diftance. We failed near the Northern cape
of Sio, and the Southern of Mytelene or Lefbos, and fo came into the
Gulph of Smyrna. Within this Gulph ftands Burla, near (bme fmall
iflands, which is judged to be the ancient Clazoraena; ; Foja, which is the
fame with the ancient Phoccea : near this tlie river Hernius difcharges it-
felf into this Gulph.
In this my journey I had fome mi fad ventures. My companion Sir Giles
Eaftcourt died by the way. At fea 1 was plundered by the Serphiotes,
where I loft all my letters, and yours among tlic reft, wliich you fent to
my
m
n
w
Of the Temple of Thefeus. ^
their names on the wall within this Temple j their example has been followed bj feveral other travel-
lers of diflindlion {a)*
PLATE I.
A Fiew of the Temple of TJjefeus.
On the foreground are Albanian hufbandmen winnowing corn, which is done by lightly toffing up
the grain, when the Etefian wind blows away the chaff. A Turkifli fervant, accompanied by his maf-
ter's fon, is giving orders to them. The kind of temporary fhed, under which an Albanian with his
wife and children are fitting, continues to be called by its ancient name a halybe. Thefe Albanians
arc the hufbandmen of Greece; are generally Chriftians of the Greek ritual ; and fpeak a peculiar lan-
guage. The ground on the northern fide of the temple has been waQied away, and a conflderable part
of the foundation appears. The more diftant mountain on the right hand is the Eaftern extremity of
Hymettus, that part of it is now called Lecon-oros and Kynegos. The Iharp-pointed conical hill near
the temple is Anchefmus. On the left is a mountainous tra<5l, rlfing to no great height, nearly in the
middle of the Meflbgeia, or plain that furrounds Athens ; it is now called Turco-houno, and was per-
haps the Brileffus of the ancients. At the foot of this, towards the North, the river Cephiffus runs
through a very pleafant village, called !Patiffa ; this was formerly, if we may believe the tradition of the
country, the fituation of the ancient academy : the two diftant cyprefs trees, which are feen between
the poles of the kaly be, grow in this village, and mark its fituation. On the left is part of Mount
Parncsi now called Chaflia, near the eaftern extremity of which is Chorio Eledio, anciently Decelia (h).
PLATE II.
The Flan of this Temple.
The Vitruvlan defcription of a Peripteros is here fully exemplified (c) ; it has a portico of fix co-
lumns in each front, and on each fide a range of eleven columns, exclufive indeed of the columns on
the angles, a particular in which, it has been before obferved, the Greeks differed from the Romans,
who, as Vitruvius diredsj included the columns on the angles in the number eleven. The diftance
of thefe lateral columns from the wall of the cell, is here fomewhat more than the fpace of one in-
tercolumniation ; they connect the two porticos, and, by that means, complete a covered walk quite
round the cell of the temple*
A A. The porticos.
B. The pronaos, or anti-temple*
my Lord Atabaffadour at Conftantinople, and Conful Rycaut, whom t
find here a very civil and knowing gentleman ; and I am much obliged to
him for his favours. I have been as curious as I could in taking the lati-
tudes of fome remarkable places : as I find them I Ihall give them you :
Athens,
38 S
Patras, 38 40
Corinth,
38 H
Dclpho^, 38 50
Sparta,
37 >o
Thebes, 38 a a
Corone,
37 a
Negroponte, or Chalcis, 38 31
I defire you to prefent my humble ferviccs to the Gentlemen of the Royal
Society. lam, &c.
{a) The prcfcnt ftatcof this temple is as follows :— The cell is enclofed
at the Eaftern end by a modern wall, as exprcfled by the dotted lines,
within which is the altar. The Weft door is walled up^ and the prcfent
entrance is through a very fmall modern door. (Sec the plan, letter H,
on the South fide of the cell). The roof is a femicircular vault, in which
fmall openings are left for light ; this is probably of the fame date as the
enclofure of the Eaftern end. The fite of the wall c c is very apparent,
and fome ftoncs project from the fide walls, which formed part of it.
Mr. Stuart has, in a memorandum, alluded to the above ftate of the
temple, as follows in a defcription of the column, with infcriptions, in
Vol. IIL
the temple of Thcfeils, now the church of St. George, In Athens. The
infcriptions may be feen in the fecond part of the work publiflied by Dr
Chandler; p. 60, 61, 62, 63.
The door belonging to the pofticus, or weft end of the ancient temple,
is ftopped up with dirt and fragments of marble ; among them was the co-
lumn on which the above referred-to infcriptions arc engraved, one only
was then vifible ; but, about ten years ago, a Turk broke through this
door in order to rob the church ; among other ftones which he difplaced,
was the marble inqueftion, all the infcriptions of which are now accefliblej
by Wheeler's account, it feems* in his time, to have fupported the tra*
pczoii, or altar, fituated in the tribune at the Eaft end of the aforefaid
church. There are four infcriptions on this column, one of which is fo
ruined as not to be legible.
{}) Since the defcription of Plate T. was written by Mr. Stuart, a flight
wall, about eight feet high, has been built entirely round the city ; this
wall, in the prefent view, pafles b'^tween the group of figures with the
kaly1)e and the temple, fo as to obftrud the view of it from the fpot from
whence he drew it. The door ferving for the entrance of the temple, at
prcfent marked H in Plate II. is {tzT\. clearly in this view.
(f) Peripteros autem erit.
Ch. I. p. 100.
See Gallianis Vitruvius, Vitruv, Lib. III.
aa.
Of the Temple of Thefeus-.
a a. The ante.
t
b b. The columns that feparated the portico from the pronaos. Thefe have been demoHflied,
but the circles marked in the pavement determine their fituation and fize.
c c. The wall which feparated the pronaos from the cell of the temple. See Note {a\ p. 5.
C. The cell or naos of the temple.
D. The pofticum.
E E. The pteromata, or wings.
This temple (lands nearly Eaft and Weft, and on the pavement of the portico a line is cut, which
feems to have been intended for a meridian. I difcovered it too late, being obliged to quit Athens
before I could make the necefSry obfervations for determining the degree of accuracy with which it
is drawn. In the plan I have inferted it partly from recoUedion, that fuch future travellers as may
wifh to beftow fome diligence on this fubjed, may be able the more readily to find it («).
PLATE III.
The elevation of the eaflern front
PLATE IV.
Tranfverfe feftlon of the Eaftern portico. Here the front column* are removed to fliew the anta:
and columns of the pronaos with its frize, the diftribution of the beams of the cielings of the La-
cunaria.
The fculpture on the frize over the ants of the pronaos. Here we fee reprefented a battle and a
viaory. It feems an adlion of great Importance, for it is honoured with the prefence of fix divinities,
three of whom, though fomewhat defaced, are yet to be diftinguilhed for Jupiter, Juno and Minerva.
It is not eafy to decide who are the divinities reprefented in the other groupe ; amongft the combatants
there is one of fuperior dignity, more vigorous exertion, and more ample ftature; a robe trails behind
him • he hurls a ftone of prodigious fize at his adverfaries. May it not reprefent the phantom of The-
feus,' running impetuoufly on the Perfians at the battle of Marathon? His miraculous apparition there
was firmly believed by the Athenians, and was one inducement to their building this temple The
viaory of Marathon was certainly one of the moft glorious atchievements of the Athemans ; and there
is a fort of modefty and piety in their attributing, as here they appear to do, this amazing vjdlory rather
to the proteaion of the gods, and the affiftance of their hero, than to their own valour. The laft figure
has evidently been employed in erefling a trophy.
The fculpture on the frize over the ants of the pofticus. This reprefents the battle of the Centaurs
and LapithL Amongft the combatants, one hero alone has thrown a centaur to d.e ground and is in
the aa of killing him. This herb I fuppofe to be Thefeus In the middle of this piece of fculpture
is Caneus. who, invulnerable by weapons, is overwhelmed by a huge piece of rock with which two
Centaurs are about to crufh him. This circumftance is introduced by Ovid, in the defcription he makes
Neftor give of the Centaurs and I,apitha. Metam. L. XII. & 506,
(a) This line is diftinguilhed by tlie letters F. G.
alfo be fo high as to caufe the fliadow of tlie entablature to cover the greateft
part of it.
Mr Rcvett agrees with Mr. Reveley in thinking that this could not pof- Mr. Reveley has added this line from the defcription given him by
fibly be a meridian line, becaufe the fun never could (hine on the fpot Mr. Revett ; for though Mr. Stuart had written the above defcription, the
where it is, being in the Ihadow of the columns : tlie fun at noon would Une was neither exprefled in the drawing, nor on the plate.
1
PLATE
W^P«P
Of the Temple of Thefeus,
PLATE V.
Longitudinal fedion of the Eaftern portico and pronaos.
P L A T E VI.
Fig. r The capital and entablature of the columns of the portico, with the metope of the North
Eaft angle.
Fig. 2. The foffit of the corona, and of the mutules, with the diftribution of their gutts. The
J. r T_ 1 Feet Inch ' Feet Inch ' °
diameters oi the columns vary from 3 : 3 : 35, to 3 : 3 : 65.
PLATE VIL
The capital and bafe of one of the ant^; fedion of the entablature over the columns and ant^ of
the pronaos and pofticum, and the fedion of the cornice of the pediment.
A. Capital of the antse on a larger fcale.
B. Sedlion of the cornice of the pediment,
PLATE VIII.
Fig. I. The fealon of the entablature and lacunaria, with the mouldings, and part of the baffo
lievo on the front of the pronaos.
re-
Fig, a. The plan of the fofEt and lacunarla.
PLATE IX,
A. Profile of the capital on a large fcale.
B. Profile of the annulets full fize.
C. The flutings of the columns full fize, with the manner of defcribing them, viz. divide the chord
a b into five parts ; from the chord fet off the depth of the fluting inward o : i : i, as at d ; ered a
perpendicular on the center of the chord, on which fet ofi^ the diftance 6 :^, from k to e ; from e draw
the lines e f and e g, which are the boundaries of the central fcgment f d g drawn with the radius
e k ; divide the lines e f and e g into three parts each, and from the centers h and i fo found, com-
pleat the curve by drawing the fegments a f and g b.
D and E. The ornaments painted in the fofiit of the lacunaria.
F. The manner of defcribing the ornament marked E. The diftance between the circles is found
by the angles of the bafe of an ifofceles triangle at the center of one circle, and at the point of bi-
fedion at the periphery of the other.
D A. The diameter of the circle.
A B. Ditto.
D« The central point.
Operation,
B.
S Of the Temple of Thefeui.
B. The point in the periphery from which are defcribed with the circles diameters, the arcs intcr-
fefHng each other in the parallel lines.
PLATE X.
Half the flank, and half the longitudinal feaion of the temple.
PLATE XI.
Six of the metopes in the Eaftern front, Fig. i. being in Southern angle, the reft follow in their prb-
per order.
Fig. I. Hercules and the Ncmean Horn
Fig. a. Hercules and lolaus deftroying the hydra*
Fig. 3. Hercules and the Arcadian ftag.
Fig. 4. Hercules taming the Cretan bull.
Fig. 5. Hercules with the horfe of Diomedc*
Fig. 6. Hercules with Cerberus.
PLATE XIL
Fo^ir bf the metopes on the South fide; Fig. 7 being that in the Eaftern angle, the reft follow in
their proper order.
Fig. 7. Thefeus deftroying the minotaur.
Fig. 8. Thefeus with the bull of Marathon {a)<.
Fig. 9 and Fig. i6. Thefe, as well as thofe which follow, of which no defcriptions are given, i.
too much ruined to difcover what the fubjeds are.
PLATE Xill.
Four of the metopes on the North fide, Fig. xx being that in the Eaftern angle, the reft follow
according to their numbers.
Fig. II. Thefeus kills Creon, king of Thebes.
Fig. 12. Hercules kills Antheus.
Fig. 13. Thefeus overcoming Skiroii (^).
Fig. 14. Thefeus killing the Crommian fow.
PLATE XIV.
Four of the metopes in the Eaftern front, fucceeding in proper order thofe in Plate xo, that numbered
1 8 being in the Northern angle.
Fig. 15. Ruined baffo relievo.
„ ..„Msa„l„.«A.he„.hc.o.*cbuUof M„«honani drc. W He .^c„ U>. robb., SUron hc-U... .0. th. .cC into *. ..
him into the city. Flg«
^■W
Of the Temple of The feus.
Fig. 16. Hercules with the girdle of HippoHta.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18. Hercules taking the golden apples from the garden of the Hefperides.
PLATES XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX.
The fculpture in the frieze of the pronaos ; here we fee reprcfented a battle and a viaory. It feems
an aaion of great importance, for it is honoured with the prefence of fix Divinities, three of whom,
though fomewhat defaced, are yet to be diftinguifhed for Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva; it is not fo
eafy to decide who are the Divinities in the other groupe. Amongft the combatants, there is one of
fuperior dignity, more vigorous exertion, and more ample ftature ; a robe trails behind him ; he hurls a
ftone of prodigious fize at his adverfarics. May it not reprefent the phantom of Thefeus, rulhing impe-
tuoufly upon the Perfians at the battle of Marathon ? His miraculous apparition, on that memorable
occafion, was firmly believed by the Athenians, and was one inducement to their building this Temple.
The vidlory at Marathon was certainly one of their mod glorious atchievements ; and there is a kind of
modefty and piety in attributing (as here they appear to do) this amazing vidory to the protedion of
the gods, and the afliftance of their hero, rather than to their own valour. The laft figure has evi-
dently been employed in eredting a trophy.
It may be proper to obferve, that the fculpture on this temple is very fine and much relieved, the
limbs being in many places entirely detached, which is perhaps one reafon that they are fo much da-
maged.
PLATES XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV.
The fculpture on the frieze of the pofticus, reprefenting the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithse.
Among the combatants one hero only has thrown a Centaur on the ground, and is in the adt of killing
him. This hero I fuppofe to be Thefeus, In the center of this frieze is Caeheus, who, being in-
vulnerable by weapons, is overwhelmed by a huge piece of rock, with which two Centaurs are about to
crufli him ; this circumftance is introduced by Ovid in the defcription which he makes Neftor give of
the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithas.
Vol. hi.
D
The
lO
Of the Temple of Thefeus,
The Head- piece of this chapter reprlfents Thefeus courfxng the Marathonian Bull, copied from a
ruined marble baffo relievo. On each fide, the ornament painted in dark ochre, (hewn in its proper
fituation in plates 7 and 8 of this chapter.
The Tail-piece is a head of Thefeus copied from a fine antique cameo.
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[ " ]
CHAPTER
II.
0/ the Temple of Jupiter Olympius, called alfo the Columns of Hadrian.
vanced by Wheler and ZTlt^^^^ V ^ '\ ^^ ^m^r^^ neceflary to refute an opinion ad-
Acropolis! harLiertheTuS ofaTT/ ^TV' J"^'" ""^"P'"^ ^"""^ -"'^-'d °f ^^e
taktTLZat irtheXt;::::::^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^P^- ^l ^'^ ^--^ -'--' --ded to cot.a a .if.
Vitruvius, I had fZ^f^rrSn^^^^^^ r'r" ~'""°" ""'^ ^''^^^ commentators o„
fcure paffage thereZtd f om h.w'^ Hypa=thros temple of Jupiter Olympius, mentioned in the ob-
of Ju/i^at otmot b^^^^^^^ It' "' '° '7 ''"^'^ '"^ ^^'^^"' "^"^ ^° ^'^^ -'^''-^^d temple
of it anne- 7 . u ! '^ °^ ^''' ' " '"'"P^"' ^'^^'=^' f™'" ^'^^ dimenfions Paufanias has Jen
o I fie foe; t X T t'' "° "^"^ ^'^^'^ "Sht columns in front, and to have been p eS e y
Olvmn;. r 1 ^^?. PP ''''' ^P'"'""' I ™ay remark that the Parthenon at Athens/and the
a^^-nrZ':!^ the firft by Wheler, and the fecond by Paufanias ^Cra.
given in Ze IT h f fl^'r""!' "'^'^ ^"'^ '^"'"^ "'"^^^^- ^^^'^^'^ -^°"« has been already
Tnlm\ a cTf '^' ^''°"^ '^'"-"^ ' ^"^ ^^"^=' ^^ I have been told, that there is not an
pie, that the reader may the better compare the relations, and judge of the fimilarity which I fup!
.lem^fhT*'''""™'''"'*^'''''"^""^'' "P«flico; reliqu, omnia ea-
m habet qu* dipteros; fed interiore parte colunmas in al.itudine du-
dium ar„TK f ^' "" circuitionem, ut porticus periftyliorum ; me-
po^ao et To ft V^ '"' "'"' = '''~'"''"' "''^™" « "'"I- P"« -
oaaiylos, et in templo Jovis Olympii. Vit. L. III. c. i.
bcilet.!!??*""'' '"'""'"' '""-'P^naosand in the pofticus, (there
S en columns ,n each front) j in M oUier particulars it is the fame as
Vol. III.
tlie d.pteros (or temples furroundcd with two range, of columns) ■ but
w.th.n the cells there are two orders of column., one above the other at
adiftancefromthewall, forming a paffage round the temple, a. in 'the
portico of periftyles ; but the middle is expofed to the air, having no roof-
the entrance is by doors in each front. Of this fpecies of temple there i,
no example at Rome i but there is at Athens an oftaftyle, and in the
temple ot Jupiter Olympiu...
E
pofe
i::
Of the Tewpk of Jupiter Olympius.
pofe fcbCfted in the ^fpeds of thefe two temples. Paufanias (a) begins by informing us, that, « The
" expence of creaing the temple and ttatue of Jupiter was defrayed by the fpoils which were taken at
** the time the Ekans deftroyed Pifa, and the neighbouring places confederated in their revolt. That
« Phidias was the artift who made the ftatue, the infcription at the feet of Jupiter teftifies in thefe words :
" PHIDIAS, THE SON OF CH \RMIDES, AN ATHENIAN, MADE ME. The temple is of
** Doric architeflure; on the outfide it is a periftyle, or encompaffed about with columns ; it is built of
« the ftone of the country ; the height to the pediment is 68 feet, its breadth is 95, and its length
« Z30 ; it is not covered with tiles of baked earth, but with Pentelic marble, cut fo as to refemblc
« tilts. On each extremity of the roof is placed a gilt vafe ; on the point of the pediment flands a
" figure of Viaory, which is likewife gilt; and beneath it is a golden (hield, on which is reprefented
" Medufa the Gorgon ; the infcription on it fhews who they were that made this offering, and on what
" occafion it was made.
<« The fculpture in the front pediment reprefents Pelops, about to contend with ^nomaus in the
«' chariot race, and the neceffary preparations for it are making by both parties ; in the middle is
" the figure of Jupiter ; on the right of Jupiter is placed iEnomaus with a helmet on his head ; by him
« (lands his wife Sterope, one of the daughters of Atlas ; Myrtilus, who conduded the chariot of JEno-
" maus, fits before the horfes, which are four in number ; near them are two men, whofe names are not
« infcribed there; they feem to be two grooms belonging to jEnomaus : near thefe lies along in the
« angle of the pediment the river Cladeus, which, next after the Alpheus, the Eleans have in the higheft
<« veneration. On the left bf Jupiter are Pelops and Hippodamia, and the charioteer of Pelops, and
<* the horfes, with two men, the grooms of Pelops ; the pediment then contrads towards the angle into
" a narrower fpace, and in this fpace is figured the Alpheus. The fculpture in the front pediment is
«* the work of Poeonius of Mende, a city of Thrace. That of the back front is the work of Alcamcnes,
" a fculptor, and contemporary with Phidias, and inferior to him alone in the excellency of his art. In
« this pediment is reprefented the combat of the Lapithae with the Centaurs, at the nuptials of Peri-
« thous ; in the middle of the pediment is Perithous ; next him on one fide is Eurytion the Centaur,
« who has carried off the bride, and Oaeneus affifting Perithous. Thefeus on the other fide is, with a
«' pole-ax, dealing deftruaion amongtt the Centaurs, one of whom has feized a lovely virgin, and another
*' a beautiful youth.
" Many of the labours of Hercules are reprefented here. Upon (b) the gates, through which you en-
«« ter the temple, are wrought, ift, his chafing the Erymanthian boar; 2d, his combat with Diomede of
« Thrace, and 3d, in the ifland Erythaea with Gerion ; 4th, his receiving the burthen from Atlas ; and
« 5th, his cleanfing the Augean ftable, (upon the gates of the opiflhodomos {c) we fee him feizing the
" Amazonian girdle) ; 7th, the ftories likewife of the Arcadian flag; 8th, of the Gnoflian bull, are repre-
" fented there, with thofe of, 9th, the Hydra of Lerna; 10, of the Stymphalian birds ; and 11, of the
« Nemean lion. Entering the brazen gates is the flatue of (d) Iphitus crowned by Ececheira. Within
" the temple are ereded columns and lofty galleries, by which you are condufled to the flatue. There
'« is alfo a winding ttair-cafe leading to the top of the roof. The god is feated on a throne : he is
(4r) Pauf. Eliac. 1. i, c. XXI. p 397.
{b) Over the gates of the temple are wrought, &c. Over the gates of
the opifthodomos, &c. At firft view this exprcflion fecms to imply, that
the labours of Hercules were fculptured on the wall of the temple, imme-
diately over the gales ; but on refleaion I am inclined to fuppofe thefe
gates, like thofe of St. Peter's at Rome, the dome at Pifa, or the Bap-
tillery at Florence, were furniflied with folding doors, plated over with
brafs, and the different fubjeas reprefented there were diftributed in pan-
nels,' wrought in baffo relievo. The pannels, we may fuppofe, were ranged
one above the other, three on each valve of the double doors.
It is remarkable, however, tliat no more than eleven of thefe labours
are here mentiontd by Paufanias, although twelve is the number conflantly
afcribed to Hercules ; we may therefore conclude that one, perhaps the
dragging Cerberus from the infernal regions, has been omitted, or more
probably effaced in the manufcript from whence the printed copies are
taken.
(f) It appears by what Lucian fays, that at the time when all Greece was
aflfembled, to celebrate the Olympic games, Herodotus recited his hiftory
to a moll refpeaable audience in the opiilhodomos of this temple.
Lucian's Herodotus.
When the principal perfonages from every part of Greece were aflembled
together (on occalion of the great Olympic games), Herodotus coming
into the Opiflhodomus produced himfelf before them, not as a fpeftator,
but as a competitor in the games, reciting his hiflory, &c.
{d) Iphitus, when he re-eftablifhed the Olympic games, ordained that a
general armiftice, or celTation of arms, fhould be religioufly obferved
during their celebration : the figure of Ececheira, here mentioned, was
evidently an allegorical perfonification of that armiftice ; and her being
reprefented in the aa of crowning Iphitus conveys an idea, that no part
of his inftitution did him greater honour wiih his countrymen, or was
more acceptable to them, than the procuring tliis, though but a temporary
tranquillity.
« made
Of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius. ij
<' made of gold and Ivory, &c." By the defcription this ftatue appears to have been of amazing fplen-
dourand magnificence: but, as it is not to our prefent purpofe, I fliall omit the account he gives of it;
and, for the eafe of my reader, I fhall here colled in one point of view the particulars in which the re-
femblance of the temples here under difcuflion confided.
There were both Doric ftrudures, and both appear to have been Hyp^thral temples ; the image of
the God, which in both was of gold and ivory, and of a coloffal fize, was in each approached under
lofty galleries, ereded within the cell of the temple; they had equally an opifthodomos, and a door into
the pofticus, as well as into the front ; on their outfides the front and back pediment were adorned
with fculpture; they were both Oaaftyles, that is, they had porticos of eight columns in their fronts,
and we muft fuppofe that, according to the Grecian mode of conttruaing temples, the columns oa the
flank of the olympic temple like (a) to the plans of thefe temples, though thofe of the Parthenon were
feventeen in number. Vitruvius, after defining what he efteems the complete and perfed idea of the
Hypasthros, that it was a decaftyle and a dipteros, does with great propriety produce thefe two fimilar
inftances of the odoftyle Hypaethros, which were fplendid exceptions to the definition he had before given.
Thus much it has appeared neceffary to fay, in explanation and vindication of our venerable mafter ;
and for the redifying a miftake fo general amongft his tranflators and commentators, a miftake which
more efpecially claims my notice in this place, becaufe it has fo egregioufly mifled the general opinion
concerning thefe columns of Hadrian, and has been produced as an inconteftible argument to prove that
they could not be, what I fuppofe them, the remains of the Clympicum of Athens ; becaufe, fay thty,
Vitruvius informs us that that temple was an oaaftyie. But Vitruvius himfelf will refute their opinion*
for, fpeaking exprefiy of the Athenian temple, he tells us it was a dipteros, that is, it had a double range
of columns encompaffing the cell, whence we muft conclude, that it had ten columns in front ; for, had
it been an Odaftyle and at the fame time a Dipteros (i), the breadth of the cell would have been contraded
fo
(a) Thefe premifes being allowed, it muft of neceffity follow, that the
length of the Olympic temple had the fame ratio to its breadth, that the
length and breadth of the Parthenon were found, by adual raeafurement,
to have to each other ; and, as they were both Doric buildings, that the
fame analogy in fome meafure fabfiftcd between their refpeftive heights.
It is by this obvious analogy I have attempted to examine the raeafures
affigned by Paufanias to the Olympic temple ; and from the refult I cannot
but conclude that the numbers, as they ftand in the printed copies, arc in-
correft : we are there told its height was 68 feet, its breadth 95 feet, and
its length 230. And we have feen (Vol. II. page 8) that the breadth of
the Parthenon is 100 Attic feet, and its length 225. If therefore the
breadth of the Olympic temple was no more than 95, its length, according
to the propofed analogy, would not have been 230 feet, it would have been
no more than 213 feet 9 inches : fo that one \{ not both theft mcafures, as
they {land in the printed copies, muft be erroneous ; I fay if vot boih^
becaufe the height Paufanias afligns to this temple does not correfpond
better, either with the length or breadth he gives it, than his length and
breadth do with each other ; to which I may add, that the height to be
deduced from either of them, by the fame analogy, would not have admitted
the ftatue of Jupiter to be placed in it under cover, fince that, as Hyginus
informs us, fab. 223d. was 60 feet in height. I fliall therefore rejeft
both thefe meafures. But the height to the pediment, which Paufanias
makes 68 feet, feems to be a genuine meafure ; for, the ^ftatue of Jupiter
being placed in fuch a temple muft have had exaftly the appearance,
which Strabo has remarked, in the defcription he has given of it, Lib. viii.
P^g^ 353 » lie there obferves that the ftatue of the God made by Phidias
was of fuch a magnitude, that although reprefented fitting, and although
the temple was of the greateft dimenfion, it almoft touched the roof; I
Ihall therefore aflume 68 feet as the true meafure of its height, and, com-
paring it with the height of the Parthenon, deduce from tlience the pro-
bable length and breadth of the Olympic temple.
The height of the Parthenon raeafures 59 Attic feet, i inch, and as this
height is to its breadth ico feet, fo is 68 feel, the heiglrt of the Olympic,
to 115 feet, I inch; difregarding the odd inch, I fliall propofe to alter
the text of the printed copies from 95 broad to 1 15 feet broad. To obtain
the length of the Olympic temple we may fay; as the breadth of the
Parthenon 100 is to its length 225, io is 115, the breadth of the Olympic
temple, to its length 258,9, or 260 feet wanting 15 inches; this will mako
another alteration neceflary in the printed copies. Adventurous as my
attempt to reftore this paflage may appear, I am tempted to produce, by
way of illuftration, a fuppofition that the diameters of the columns of the
Olympic temple meafured at leaft 7 feet, and the intercolumner fpaces
9 feet ; that the columns on the angles had their diameters augmented
3 inches, and the intercolumniations next to thofe columns diminiflied
2 feet 6 inches, nearly in the manner praftifed in the Parthenon. The
following fcheme will explain my meaning, and fliew how thefe particular
dimenfions will correfpond with the general meafure I hare propofed.
For the length of the Olympicum. For the breadth of the Olympicum.
7X15=105
9X14=126
7.3X2 = 14.6
6.9X2=13.6
62= I
general diameter of the columns
general intercolumniation
columns on the angles
intercolumns next thofe columns
7X6 =42
9X5 =45
7.3X2 = 14.6
6.9X2=13.6
260.0 Entire length.
115.0
The greajnefs of thefe dimenfions cannot be reafonably urged againft
their probability : there remain at prefent, in Sicily, ruined temples, the
columns of which are much largef ; thofe, for inftance, of the temple of
Jupiter Olympius at Gergcti, the ancient Agrigentum, are Doric columns
of more than 12 feet diameter ; and the diameter of thole remaining at
Selinus mcafures, I am told, exaftly 10 feet.
{h) Naraque Athcnis, Antiftates, et Callefchros, et Antimachides, ct
Porinos, architefti, Pififtrato aedem Jovi Olympio facienti, fundamenta
conftituerunt ; poft mortem autem eju?, propter interpellationem reipublicar,
incepta rcliquerunt : itaque circiter annis ducentis poft, Antiochus rex,
cum in id opus impenfam effet pollicitus, cella; magnitudinem, et colum-
narum circa dipteron collocationem, epiftyliorum et cajterorum ornamen-
torum ad fymmetriarum diftributionem, magna folertia fcientiaque fumma
civis Romanus Coflutius nobilitercft architeftatus, &c. In Afty vero Jovem
Oiympium ampio modulorum comparatu, Corinthius fymmetriis ct pro-
portionibus,^u!f fupra fcriptum eft, architeflandum Coflutius fufccpiflTc mc-
moratur, &c. Vit. in procmio, Lib. Vil.
For
14
Of the Temple of Jupher Olympius.
fo as not to have admitted the internal periftyle, with the galleries round the infide of the cell ; befidc
which, the aperture of the uncovered part, which conftituted it an Hypa^thros, would then fcarcely
have been wider than one intercolumniatlon of the external portico; whereas we have feen the Hypaethral
aperture, in the roof of the Parthenon, was equal in width to three intercolumniations, and twice the
diameter of a column. After this tedious, but I imagine neceffary, difquilition, I fliall proceed to defcribe
thefe magnifieent ruins. They confift of 17 Corinthian columns, each 6 feet 4 or 6 inches in diameter,
and near 60 feet in height; the difpofition of their plan evidently proves them to be the remains of a
temple which had ten columns in front, and {a) 21 in flank ; and that it had two ranges of columns on
each fide: the extent of the front has been 171 feet, and the length of the flank more than (/5) 400
feet; fo that, to defcribe this building in the language of Vitruvius, we mud fay, it has been Decaftyle,
Peripteros, and Hypaethros, of great dimenfions, or a compleat example of the moft fumptuous and
ftately of all the afpedls of temples, which in the firft chapter of his third book he has enumerated
and defined.
It flood within a fpacious area, which was enclofed by a perlbolus, or furrounding wall, at prefent in
great part demoliftied, but not fo entirely as to prevent the meafure of its fides (that facing the South) from
being perfedly afcertained.
feel inches
We accordingly found it meafure in length 680 loA (c) from Eaft to Weft, which is conflderably more
than a ftadium, (d) and renders it probable that the whole inclofure, furrounding this area, meafured
four
For at Athens when Pififlratus fet about building the temple of Jupiter
Olympius, the Architefts Antiftatcs andCallefchros, and Antimachides, and
Porinos, laid the foundation ; after the death of Pififtratus, becaufe of the
unfettled flate of the republic, the profecution of this work was difcon-
tinued j infomuch that it was about 200 (400) years afterwards, when
King Antiochus {*) having engaged to defray the e-xpence of the ftrufture,
that it was magnificently erefted by Coflutius a Roman citizen, who de-
termined the magnitude of the cells, and adjufted the arrangement of the
columns about the Dipteros, and the difpofition of the architraves and the
other ornaments with great (kill and fuprenie fcience, &c. &c. Again. It is
recounted that the temple of Jupiter Olympius in Athens was built, as be-
fore mentioned, by Coflutius, on a fcale of ample dimenfions, and with
Corinthian proportions and ornaments, &c.
Vit. Proemc to his 7th Book.
This ftrufture indeed is not fpoken of with common praife, it is amongft
the few moft renowned for their magnificence ; for in four places only are
feen facred edifices, adorned with marble, which are thus celebrated. The
excellence and fagacious contrivance of which have been approved in the
aflembly of the gods.
• Antiochus Epiphanes, wlio engaged to finilh the temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens, began his
reign the 4th year of the i6ift olympiad, died the 4th year of the 153d. Scylla took Athens zd of
173d. and carried the columns of this temple to Rome, and they were afterwards crefled in the
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, Pliny 6th of book 36th. Vitruvius could not write before the battle
of Adiam, the ad of the iSyth olympiad j fothat the temple muft have been in an unfioilhcd ftate
when Vitruvius wrote.
(d) Mr. Revctt alTurcs Mr. Reveley, that Mr. Stuart retired from Athens
without having examined the remains of this temple with a view to dif-
cover whether it had 21 or only 20 columns in flank ; which circumftance
was not afcertained till Mr. Revett, after Mr. Stuart's departure, particularly
meafured the ruins, and determined this queftion, contrary to what Mr.
Stuart has written on the fubjeft viz. that it had only 20 columns in
flank, which he aflures Mr. Reveley he pofitively determined j for. the re-
xnaining column nearefl to the Areopolis, which was the twentieth, had
the fame bafe as the outer range of columns on the flank, which difl?ers
from the inner bafcs, and which bafe he meafured for this purpofe, this
bafe alfo had the continued plinth and two fellets under it, which is under
the outer row in flank. Mr. Reveley, having had much converlation with
Mr. Revctt on the fubje£t, does not hefitate to fay that he is convinced of
the accuracy of Mr. Revett's opinion in preference to tlftt of Mr. Stuart,
and confequently that this temple had only 20 columns in flank. As there
can be no flronger proof of this faft, it has been thought neceflary to en-
grave the plan over again, in order to give it as clearly and circumilantially
as pofliibPe.
As a farther proof of the truth of this opinion, the following fentence is
copied from Mr. Stuart's original papers, viz. " The weftern end is fo
ruined that there are not fufhcient remains to prove that there have been
more than 20 columns in its flank ; but it is moft probable it had 21, fincc
the other Grecian temples we have feen had conftantly an odd number on
their flank, that is, one column more than twice the number of columns in
front. The above is written in Mr. Stuart's hand-writing. Mr. Stuart
gives the fame opinion in a letter to the late Mr. Newton, who particu-
larly wrote to him, to know whether there were 20 or 21 columns in the
flank of the temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens, when engaged in his
excellent tranflation of Vitruvius.
Some difference having arifen between Mr. Stuart and Mr. Revett, it
was at length agreed that Mr. Revett Ihould give up the whole of the
papers in his hands, on terms agreed upon, to Mr. Stuart ; which he
accordingly did, and had after that no concern in this publication, which
was carried on by Mr. Stuart alone.
This accounts for Mr. Stuart's not being in pofl'eflion of Mr. Revett's
opinion on the fubjeft, as he only received the drawings, among which
the plan of this temple, drawn in ink with twenty columns by Mr. Revett,
is one to which Mr. Stuart has, with red chalk, added a row of columns ;
in which ftate it now remains j and, from the whole of his memorandums
on the fubje£l, he appears to have confidered this rule as fo general, that
it did not even admit of a more particular enquiry.
{b) This is incorreft, it fliould be 354.27.
(r) The extreme length, from outfide to outfide of the buttrefs, is
feet inches
688 6^.
.
{d) Length of the peribolus including the walls 68o.i0.iV.
Breadth of ditto ditto —463- 5-87.
Each of thefe dimenfions being doubled will make the entire circuit of
the peribolus, which will be 2288. 8. 74. On Mr. Stuart's calculation of
the Greek foot being equal to 12.0928 Englilh inches, and 600 Greek feet
making one ftadium (equal to 6o4.6.4Engli(h), the whole circuit of this
peribolus will want 129.8.86 of four ftadia.
This is perhaps near enough to anfwer to the defcriptlon of Paufanias,
and if any portico or portal prejeded from the peribolus, which is the cafe
in the Stoa or Poikile, it would bring the circuit ftill nearer to the four
ftadia. In the above calculation, the length of the peribolus is taken fron^
the aftual mcafures, and the breadth is found ; by fuppofing the fpace, from
the flank to the North wall, equal to that 011 the South fide, which is
moft probable.
As
Of the Temple of Jupiter OJympius. r -
four ftadias affigned by Paufanias to the peribolus of the Athenian temple of Jupiter Olympius, and
with the other particulars there recited, perfuade me, that tliefe columns of Hadrian are adually the
remains of that temple, and of confequence that it flood South of the Acropolis, on the Northern bank
of the lliflgs, near the fountain Calllrhoe («)*
P L A t fi L
View of the temple of Jupiter Olympius, taken from the Ionic temple (b) on the IlyfTus, on the
South-Eaft fide of the Acropolis : the building on the foreground is part of the latter temple. The
mountains in the diflance were called anciently Coryddalus, but at prefent Daphne : they form the
Weflern boundary of the plain of Athens. In the center of the view is the Acropolis ; and below it
part of the modern city is feen ftretching towards Mount Anchefmus, in a North-Eaftern direaion.
Some Greek churches appear, and may be known by a fmall cupola over each ; but no Turkifli mofque
is feen.
The temple of Jupiter Olympius, with the remains of its peribolus, form the mofl: confiderable ruirt
in this view. It will not perhaps be improper to remark, that this view was taken by Mr. Pars, who
accompanied Mr. Revett on his fecond journey to Athens in the years 1765 and 1766 t the column re-
maining in the Weflern front, when MefTrs. Stuart and Revett were there the firfl time, had been
thrown down In the interval by the Waiwode, to make lime of the marble. If it had remained, its
fituatlon would be behind the three columns which fland detached from the larger groupe.
The South-Eaflern angle of the peribolus is very vifible ; but of the North-Eaflern angle there are
no remains. The South fide may be difllnguKhed by the flope of the ground ; and three flones of
the South-Weflern angle may be perceived, near which is a circle ufed to tread the corn upon, for
which purpofe a horfe is tied with a long rope to a pofl in the center, and driven round. The arch
of Hadrian or Thefeus is feen between the two groupes of columns. In the Acropolis are the ruins of the
temple of Minerva Parthenon, divided by a Turklfh mofque, which has been eredled on the ruins 01
the central part of the temple, under the Eaflern end of which is the monument of Thrafyllus, with
the two columns over it. This monument would have been invifible, had the Odeum of Pericles re-
mained, as it flood Immediately before, and clofe to, the former. This is givefi on the authorities of
Er. Chandler and Mr. Revett, as the foundations were dug up before Mr. Reveley was there, and em-
ployed to build the modern wall of the city, mentioned in the firfl chapter of this volume-
In this view, the theatre of Bacchus, which is vifible on the Weflern edge of the hill, wds united by
the portico of Eumenes, on which a modern wall is ereded to the Odeum. The Mufeum Hill fini/hes
the view to the Wefl, and on its fummit is the monument of Phllopappus. The IlyfTus runs behind the
figures, and has, excepting in the rainy feafon, fcarcely water enough to wet the pebbles that form its bed*
The figures reprefent a groupe of women, who never appear in the city unveiled, but are repre-
fented fo here, as being out of the way of pafTengers : three of them are dancing a flow dance, very
common In Athens, wherein the leader holds out a handkerchief, and is fuppofed to reprefent Ariadne.
Mr. Stuart appears to have taken very great pains to difcover the true
length of the Greek foot, from different mcafures of the temple of Minerva
Parthenon, which, from its name Hecatompedon, was fuppofed to contain
a meafure of one hundred feet in feme very confpicuous part.
As his calculations would be ufclefs to the publick, Mr. Reveley ha?
pnblifhed only the rcfult of his enquiries, which are as follows :
The difference of the foot, taken from various parts of the temple, is as
follows :
Length of the upper ftep in the front of the temple give for one foot 12.1390
From outfide to outfide of the angular columns — 12.095
From center to center of the front columns — — 12.09280
From the Roman foot by ray meafure (Mr. Stuart's) of the 1
obeliflcof Sefoflris, _ -^ — J '^•"^Sl
Length of the architrave — — 12,06250
This laft meafure Mr. Reveley has added, Mr. Stuart not having taken
notice of it, as the ingenious Monfieur le Roy has fuppofed and give.i
fomc rcafon why the length of the architrave might probably be one hun-
dred feet. The meafure is found by dedu6Ung twice the difference between
the extremity of the architrave and that of the bottom of the fhaft of ths
angular columns : this will be liable to no other inaccuracy than the irre-
gularity (which is not probable) in the architrave not proje£ting fo far be-
yond die center of one angular column as beyond tliat of the other.
{a) Tarentinus relates, that when the Athenians were about to build th ;
temple of Jupiter, near the fountain Enneacrune, they, by a pubhc de-
cree, colle£led all the draught-cattle of Attica into the city.
{V) This temple is treated of in the fecond chapter of the firft volum;
of this work, but was totally deftroyed in the year 1785, when Mr. Reveley
was there.
Vol. III.
PLATE
i6
Of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius.
PLATE IL
Plan of tlie temple of jupiter Olympius, in which thofe parts only arc fhaded which remain.
A. Is the South-Eaft angle of the peribolus : the whole of the Southern fide has been evidently
brought to a level by means of the wall, ftrengthened on the outfide by buttreffes, as is clearly feea
in the view ; this wall is now nearly level with the ground within the Peribolus.
B. Is the South- Weftcrn angle.
C. Remains of the Weft end, forming a part of the modern wall of Athens, which, in its courfe,
liere joins to the arch of Hadrian^
B. The arch of Hadrian.
E. The column, whofe bafe, being fimilar to thofe in the external row at the South-Eaft angle,
proves it to have been one of the external range, and, confequently, that this temple had twenty (a)
columns only in flank*
That part of the peribolus neareft to the arch of Hadrian now fupports paftof the latcly-eredcd wall round
the city. It is highly probable that a colonade adorned the entire inward circuit of this peribolus, though
no remains of it now appear ; and alfo that there were ftaircafes leading to the top of the temple,
which are not inferred in the plan, from the doubt in what part they might have been.
The line on the North fide is fuppofed to have been equally diftant from the temple with that on
the South, but there were no vifible remains of it. Mr. Reveley has not found among Mr. Stuart's
papers any authority whatever for the defcription in Chap. I. Vol. IL p. 14, viz. " Three other co-
*' lumns, belonging to the inner row of the Southern flank of the temple, were ftanding at fome dif-
*' tance from thofe above-mentioned ; and there remained one, marked F. in this plan, which originally
** flood in the Weftern portico. The laft-mentioned column proves, that, when this temple was entire
*' it had one and twenty columns on its flank ; for, if a right line is drawn from Eaft to Weft, through
** the centers of the outward columns, it will be cut exadly in the center of the twentieth column of
** that row, by another line drawn at right angles to It from the center of the column F. the bafe of
" which proves it was net in the front of the portico, but had another row of columns ftanding be-
« fore it, &c."
Where any difference appears between the parts of this temple given in Plate XXXl. of the firft
chapter in the fecond volume, and thofe of the prefent chapter, the latter only are to be efteemed
accurate,
PLATE
III.
A. The bafe of the external columns, and of that marked F. in Plate II. proving it to have been
an external column (^)>
(a) Another proof of Mr. Revctt*s attention in me&furing this tcrapic
may be feen in the Ionian Antiquities, Ghap* I. p. 9 :
** But a difTcrcnt fymmetry is obferved in the bafes of the temple of
** Jupiter Olympius (at Athens) ; for, the external bafes have plinths, and
•* are in height the femidiameler of their columns ; but the internal have
•* none, and are placed upon a ftep, which raifed the pavement, within the
** internal range of the dipteros, its whole height above that within the
** external, on which account the internal columns are lefs in altitude than
«» the external by the height of the ftep, as well as lefs in diameters. The
f mouldings alfo of the mtcrnal bafes are much higher tha» tliofe of the
" external ; nor have they any connexion with each other, Except Iri' the
«' diameter of their lower torus ; but the mouldings of the internal, being
" higher, have a greater projefture, which (as the diameter of the lower
" torus is the fame in both) contrafls the upper torus, and makes it lefs
*' than in the external bafes."
(h) It is an unfortunate circumftancc that modern Athens djd not afford
ladders of fufficient height, or other means of arriving at the capital ar-
chitrave and frieze of this temple^ which,- for that reafon, could not b«
raeafured.
B. The
Of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius. 17
B. Thebafeof the Internal columiisj of ivhich the plinth is continued, and forms a flep entirely
round the temple. ^ •'
C. Profile of the aftragal at the top of the fliafis of the columns drawn by the eye from below.
D. Plan of a column, with its flutings.
E. Profile of the internal architraves and internal face of the external architrave, being the fame
height as, ^
F. Profile of the external face of the external architrave.
O. Part of the wall of the peribolus on the South fide, fliewing the angular buttrefs*
H. Sedion of the fame, fhewing its inclination, with a buttrefs in profile^
The Head-Piece to this Chapter is a fragment in the wall of the church at Vari, by the fide of the
church-door ; on the other fide of which is another almoft fimilar to it.
The Tail-Piece is another fragment on the outfide of the church of St. Gcorgio Pico (called the Vep
covato^ from being the refidence of the Bifhop) at Athens.
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[ 19 ]
CHAPTER III.
Of the Arch of Thefeus^ or of Hadrian.
THIS arch ftands nearly N. E. and S. W. and is about a quarter of a mile South-Eaftward from
the x\cropolis, th« front facing which has the following ancient infcription on it :
AIAEI2 A0HNAI GHSEOS HnPINnOAI2 (a).
And on that next the iHffus, the channel of which lies South of it, at lefs than a quarter of a mile
diftance, is infcribed :
AI^EIS APIANOY KAI OT XI 0H2EQ2 UOMZ {h).
Both fronts are adorned with Corinthian columns, and are, in all parts, perfeftly fimilar. From the
above- cited infcriptions it has moft probably received its prefent names, being indifferently called the
arch of Hadrian or of Ihefeus. It is of Pentetic marble, and, like the other ancient edifices of Athens,
(a) This is Athens, formerly the city of Thefcus.
(b) This is the city of Hadrian, and not of Thefcus.
I found Hadrian to have been frequently complimented as the fccond
founder of Athens.
ZnTHPI KAI KTIITH
AYTOKPATOPI
AAPIANflt
OATMniOI.
SOTHPI
KAI KTlCTH
ATTOKPATOPI
AAPIANO
OAtMina
XOTHPI KAI KTIITH
ATTOKPATOPI
AAPlANn OATMmO.
Vol. III.
IS
St,0
Of the Arch of Thefcus^ or of Hadrian.
is built without mortar or cement of any kind, the blocks of marble being conne«aed by cramps of
metal. The furface of the ground is here raifcd more than 3 feet above the original level on which it
was ereded ; and to this depth it was cleared away, to obtain all the mcafures, and other particulars
requifite for the completion of the drawings. It is alfo necefiary here to remark, that this arch ap-
pears evidently not to have been conneded ivith, or to have made a part of, any oUier buildino-, but to
have been originally intended to remain entirely infulated. And what appears indeed extraordinary is,
it ftands fo near, and is feated fo obhquely to, what rem.ains of the Peribolus, or wall, which encom-
pafled the temple, fuppofcd by me to have been the Olympieum, that it is difficult to reconcile its fitu-
ation to any idea of beauty or convenience, or, to conceive the motive, we can hardly fuppofe it a flight
one, that induced the Athenians to place it thus.
(a) Wheler and Spon, and all thofe who, fince their time, have treated on the antiquities of Athens,
have mentioned this arch ; but I' do not recoiled any one who has endeavoured to trace its origin, and
date its antiquity, or account for the obliquity of its pofition. As fome difcuflion of thefe particu-
lars, notwithftanding the difficulties that perplex the enquiry, may furnifh fome clearer and more cir-
cumftantial ideas of the topography of Athens than thofe we are at prefent in poffcffion of, and may
therefore be not unacceptable tp the reader, I fhall venture to offer what has occurred to me on thefe
queftions, premifing fome obfervations neceffary to apologize for my opinions, and to render what I
have to fay intelligible.
I fliall firft obferve, that the Iliffus runs on the Southern fide of Athens, which confequently muft be
conceived its lowed part. I am therefore perfuaded, that when Paufanias, having defcribed the Pry-
taneum, proceeds thence to the lower part of the city, he approaches the Iliffus ; in his way to
w^hich he fees the temple of Serapis, that of Lucina, the Olympieum, the Pythium, and the Delphi-
nium ; then, keeping the channel of the river at a fmall diftance on his right hand, he advances to-
wards its fource, and its jundion with the Eridanus, as far as to the gardens and the temple of Her-
cules, called Cynofages, fituated probably where we now fee the convent of Hagio Afomato, at the foot
of Mount Anchefmus, between that hill and the river. Returning thence, he defcends along the
banks of the Iliffus to the Lyceum \ and, in that ftage of his progrefs, particularly mentions the river
Iliffus, and the altar of Boreas, ereded on the fpot whence it was reported he carried off Orithyia,
the daughter of Eredheus, as fhe was diverting herfelf on the margin of that river. The Iliffus he
proceeds to tell us, was accounted facred not only to other divinities, but alfo to the Mufes ; and that
the altar of the Mufes Ilijfiades was on Its banks. He then conduds us acrofs it, into the country of
Agras, where he fees the temple of Diana Agrotera, and concludes this perambulation with an account
of the ftadium of Herodes Atticus, built of white marble, againft a hill, and extending to the fide of
the Iliffus ; fo that this river, and what he fees on its borders, occupy the greateft part of this nar-.
ration.
It Is to be remarked, that Paufanias having finifhed this tour, in which I have endeavoured to ac-
company him. Immediately commences his account of another tour, on which he proceeds, as on the
former, from the Prytaneum.
In this I fliall be better enabled to follow him fome part of the way, becaufe there ftill remain feveral
unequivocal veftiges of the antiquities he then vifits ; particularly of the place called the Tripods {b\
the theatre of Bacchus (c)^ and the Odeum (d) of Pericles ; between which two laft-mentioned antiqui-
ties
(a) Whcter has obferved, that this arch looks awry towards the plane (d) 'e« »i ^\wU, t5 « U^v t5 AictJaou x«} tS Si«1e« xaW«t;«r|u« wo.flS?»«, ii mc
(plan) of the pillars (of Hadrian) without any right angle in refpeft of the trxwSj avl^ ij ^nw» t.,.; Sip|o» Aj/ilai. Pauf. Att. chap. xx. p. 46.
wall, although it feems to lead towards it, p. 373.
From the Prytaneum there is a ftreet called the tripods, &c.
{b) "£<?» it i^itTf uiro tS ITpvIaviiB «*Xa/*i»« Tflirottq*
The moft ancient temple of Bacchus is near the tlieatrc ; within the
(O T5 A»&>i/<rM Jf «r. wgij t5 Sj«Tf« tJ ;»f««iaT«%> h^iu • • pcribolus are two temples, &c.
I Near
Of the Arch of rhefeus, or of Hadrian.
21
ties is a range of fmall arches fuppofed by Wheler .nd Spon to have belonged to t6e portico of Eu-
genes, or Eumemcus but wh.ch more probably are the remains of that ample peribolus mentioned by
Hefychius enclofingthet^^^^^^^ Bacchus, in which, before the theatre was built, the Lenxa were
celebrated (.). To this Paufamas evidently refers, when he fays, " ,ear the theatre is a mod ancient
temple of Bacchus ; withm the peribolus are two temples, and two ftatucs of Bacchus, made of gold
and woos &c. Near the temple of Bacchus and the theatre is an edifice, faid to be made in Li-
tation of the pavihon of Xerxes. Thefe veftiges have been inferted in a plate containing a plan of the
Acropolis, given m the fecond volume, to which I mutt beg leave to refer the reader.
The theatre of Bacchus, the Tripods, the odeum of Pericles, and what I fuppofe to have been part of
the peribolus of the Len^um, are all South of the Acropolis; and that the Lem^um was the temple in
Limne, is clear from Hefychius, who tells us, Limne was a place in Athens, facred to Bacchus, where
the Lensea were celebrated {bj.
This tedious difquifition on fituation is here introduced, becaufe it appears neceffary, before we pro-
ceed farther in our enquiry, to afcertain the true reading of a paffage in Thucydides, fince, by a mif.
take of Valla, who inilead of us^h voiov {c\ has read, xjrja'c ^kioh.
Some of the principal buildings of Athens, amongft others the Olympieum, are placed on the North,
although they adually are on the South fide of the Acropolis t and, confequently, not only the fituation
of thofe moft ancient edifices, inftanced by Thucydides in the paffage referred to, arc entirely changed;
but of thofe alfo, which, by their proximity to them, we might, but for this miftake, have been enabled
to afcertain ; a miftake the more important, fince fuch refpedable authors as Palmerlus and Hudfon had
a furmifein its favour; and as it has evidently led thofe learned and diligent travellers, Wheler and
Spon, into an error; for, they have fuppofed a ruin, which ftands northward of the Acropolis, to have
been the Olympieum (d) ; alleding the above-mentioned corrupted paffage of Thucydides as fufficient
authority for the opinion they advance ; when, in all probability, that ruin is no other than the re-
main* of the Pockyle.
In juftice however to Mr. Wheler, it fliouldbe obfcrved, that, when he is defcribing the pillars of
Hadrian, he feems to find it difficult to determine whether they were not the remains of the Olym-
pieum.
From what has been here advanced, it fliould feem, that, notwithftanding the claim fet up in behalf
of the Emperor Hadrian, by the infcription on this arch, as the founder of at leaft this Southern part of
Near the temple of Bacchus, and the theatre, is an edifice, faid to have
been built in imitation of Xerxes* tent, &c.
The inftances which Vitruvius, when treating of porticos behind the
fcenes, &c. has produced of edifices near the theatre in Athens, may fcrve
as a comment on what has been cited from Paufanias ; in both authors
they clearly relate to the fame buildings, and thefe arranged nearly in the
fame order. Poft fcenam porticus funt conftituendae, &c. uti funt porticus
Pompeianae ; itemque Athenis porticus Eumenici, patrifquc liberi fianum
et exeuntibus e theatro, finiftra parte Odeum, quod Athenis Pericles co-
lumnis lapideis difpofuit, naviumque malis et antennis c fpoliis Perficis
pertexit. L. v. c. 9.
Behind the fcenes porticos are to be erefted, &c. as are the Pompeian
porticos ; alfo at Athens the portico of Euraenes (or Eumenides) and the
fane of father Bacchus ; and, to the left of thofe who iflue from the theatre,
the odeum which Pericles ercfted at Athens, adorned with marble columns,
and covered with malls and yards of the fhips taken from the Perfians.
Vitr. book v. ch. 9.
(<z) \x% AnnaiDt ay^t. "En* %i tu 0«rii Xfupatof, vipt BoXoy ?koii ^iy%, %a\ u airHi A^raitf
The games in the Linaeum. The Linaeum is in the city, having an
ample peribolus, and in it the temple of Bacchus Lenaeus, in which tlie
Athenians celebrated the games in honour of Bacchus before they had
built the theatre. Hefychius.
(i) Aifttat It Atnfois rowf, draitii/bcoo; tS Aufvtru, Stu ri Aii»«i<s utrv, ^
Limne, in Athens, a place facred to Bacc*ius,' where the Lenasa were cc«
lebrated.
(0 To Ji w{« TjJxtf, ii »nfoirS\i( A »?» 5j-ai, «oXi; Sr, >|^ t* uv airiit txfot ^rn (xaXtrm
Tilfflijit^woif. Tix|*»i^w» }i T» y«{ 'n(m. » airn jn an^aireXfi i^ «X?k«i> 9i«, {r» j^ t« t^u vrfOf
tmJo to ^ifoj T»)5 «roXift»j /xSXXo* itifvlai, ri t» tS A«oj t5 OXt//.»vtw, >^ ri nt/G>«> >^ to tJij yjj,
^ TO IV A^|ua^t Aioirwr*.— "l^ylai ^i >g «AA« Ufa, mfKcT* rxvln, ^ tS u^nt, iShni^trt
Iiwawpt/TOf Thucydides Dukeri, p. 108, 12. c.
Before this time, that which is now the citadel was all the city. The
temples, built either within the citadel, or without, fufficiently fliew it ;
for, in the South part of the city, particularly. Hand the temples of Olym-
pian Jove, of the Pythian Apollo, the earth, and of Bacchus in Liranc,
and all the other ancient temples are feated in the fame quarter j near it alfo
is the fountain now called Enneacrunos.
(J) It is hard to determine whether the temple of Jupiter Olympius wa«
here or not. Wheler, p. 372.
Befides, it is here in the lower parts of the town, as Paufanias clearly
feems to infinuate, which lay on the North fide of the caftle, as Thucy-
dides placcth it. Wheler, p. 392.
A quoi il faut ajouter, qu*il eft au Nord de la citadelle, comme Thucy-
dide a remarque, Spon, vol. II. p. 188.
Er» if aftata i» tS •igjCaA* Zi«« raXhS;, >^ i»ii K{<J»o «ij 'Piij, 1^ Tifnttof rm ivixXtm,
'OhviAiritu, Pauf. Att. p. 43 •
Athens,
i.%
Of the Arch of Thefeus, er of Hadrian.
Athens, it 'is rather a complimentary efFufion of Athenian gratitude to fo liberal a benefaaor than an
abfolute truth or the record of an hiftorical fad : for this part proves to have been one of the earheft
additions to the original city, as appears by what has been cited from Thucydides, which is confirmed,
and, in fome fort, illuftrated, by the account Paufanias has given of the antiquities contained withm the
peribolus of the Olympieum. The moft ancient temple of Jupiter Olympius was ereded there by
Deucalion («), and within the fame place were the temples of Saturn and of Rhea, probably the work
of Cecrops {b). Here alfo was the facred grove of Olympia, which feems to have been an appellation
of Rhea, and this grove moft probably was the feat of her temple, near which was the monument of
Antiope the Amazon (c). All thefe were of great antiquity, as was alfo the Pythium, a -temple of
Apollo near the Olympieum, in which were dedicated the Tripods, obtained by the Choragi, to whom
the prize was adjudged in the chorufes performed at the celebration of the Thargelia ; and here the
Panathenaic proceffion paffed in its march round the Acropolis. Near the Olympieum likewifc was
the Delphinium, another temple of Apollo, and the habitation of iEgeus, both of them built before
the arrival of Thefcus in Athens.
Plutarch, who was living in the time of Hadrian, fpeaks of the Delphinium [d) and the Mercury
which flood Eaft of that temple, and was called the Mercury at the arch of ^geus, as remaining at
the time he wrote.
The fitoatlon of this arch of ^geus and that of Hadrian, both near the Olympieum, appearing to
coincide, induces me to entertain an opinion that the laft-mentioned arch, the fubjed of this chapter, is
in fad no other than the arch of iEgeus, probably rebuilt by Hadrian, with a kind of religious ob-
fervance, on the identical fpot on which the former, venerable for its great antiquity, had flood ; and
that the North-Weftern angle of the peribolus of the Olympieum has been cut off by a wall parallel
to this arch {e), which, by that means, became an additional ornament to the faid enclofure, in which
not only the magnificent temple of Jupiter Olympius built by Hadrian, but many other monuments,
mentioned by Paufanias, of much higher antiquity than the time of Hadrian, were contained : and this
opinion is rendered more probable by the unconneaed ftate of this arch, and the obliquity of its po-
fition, which were particularly noticed In the beginning of this chapter.
Hence it appears that the Delphinium, and, confequently, the arch of ^geus (as this of Hadrian now
is) were near the Olympieum. Neither the prefent gate, nor that of iEgeus, could ever have been a
gate of Athens. The ancient walls may be traced with great certainty, almoft throughout their whole
extent, and agree fo exadly with the meafures given of them by Thucydides, that no doubt can re-
main of their identity, being the very walls which he defcribes, and whatever was within thefe walls was
faid to be in the city (f).
(«) T5 ii 0Xviuiir»'8A»Ss Aii;««X»«»« oUoJof^nif** ^ly^»(yl ri apX**" ''f^"' ^^^^' Att.p.43.
The moft ancient temple of Jupiter Olympius, they fay, was built by
Deucalion.
{h) Philochorus, Saturno, et Opi, primum InftituiflTe aram Cecropem
jicit. Macrob. Sat. lib. I. chap, x.
(f) "Evw. Ji ^«<rt fiili ©naiui fiaxaurylw. (m* A»1.oVtiO -aiaih ni «.Sg4/T0», Ivl MoX-
Some fay that (Antiope), lighting near Thefeus, was flain, being pierced
with an arrow by Molpadia, and the pillar near the temple of the Olym-
pian* earth is placed over her.
^jaitlovir»v. •»1a«'9» yap 5 AJyiij ««», *^ rii "E{f*5» tm «{oj in rfi »gS, «BiXfi«r W Aiyiui
^siKau;. Plut. in vil. Thcfci.
It is faid, that, when' the cup fell, the poifon was fpilt, where now is
the inclofure in the Delphinium, for there /Egeus dwelt ; and the Hermes,
to the Eaft of the temple, they call the Hermes at the gate of iEgeus.
Mtia l\ To» »«o» tS Am; t3 OXu/*»»« 'a'Krialo* «yaX/*« ir»» *A»oXX«wj ITt/Qj'tf, tr* i» »^
fixXo »po» AiroXX«»os, ivixK^irn AiXf »»n«.
Near the temple of Jupiter Olympius is the ftatue of Apollo Pythius.
There is alfo another temple of Apollo, furnamed Delphinium. Pauf. Alt. 6.
'Oroffa y (0 A^jjiavot?) Sewv iffos tw ju.i» «;»o5J^»iffi» 1^ «pX''f» '"* ^ oiw-ixoa^neif
«v«6«jii.«i?«, K, Kolafl-xuars 1) ^giij vto\tv\* ilWxi* 'EXXri»»«, raj i\ k, rS» BafCajaiir To7i itri^u-
cri», If" « voc,v\» yty^ajjLfjLttix, 'aQwwh i» ra »ow5 rif 0iw» Upu, Pauf. Alt. p. 5. Ed. Xyl.
The temples, which Adrian either erefted from the foundations, or
adorned with ornaments, for the Greeks or Barbarians, are recorded at
Athens in the temple common to all the Gods.
(/?) As it may be obferved, in the plan of the temple of Jupiter Olympius,
that this arch ftands on the outfide of the Northern wall of the peribolus,
which is there fuppofed equally diflant from the body of the temple with
the Southern wall j a circumftance highly probable, though not verified by
the remains, which, on the Northern fide, are totally dcftroyed.
The deformity occafioned by a building of fuch a form as this arch be-
ing introduced into an angle, not even forming a diagonal to the fquarc,
is veiy great ; it would caufc much irregularity in the porticos alfo, which,
in fo grand an edifice, would be a material fault* Then the doors of en-
trance would all be irregular, none corrcfponding both within and with-
out the peribolus, by removing this Northern wajl farther from the temple
than the Southern wall ; not to mention the difficulty of doing it at all,
if this wall was partly built before Hadrian began his part of the work.
All thefe circumllances incline Mr. Reveley to fuppofe that this gate ftood
in the pofition as beft uniting two ftreets, one of which pafled by the fide
of the Northern wall, and the other, Weftward of it, taking a North-
weftern direflion from the arch, which the prefent llreet aftually does.
(/) This is one of the remarkable monuments omitted by Paufanias, of
whofe works, it is Mr. Stuart's opinion, parts are loft ; which is alfo the
reafon of the want of conneftioa in many of his defcriptions.
PLATE
Of the Arch of Thefeus, or of Hadrian.
*3
PLATE
I.
A View of the arch of Hadriarifc The Corinthian columns feen through the arch, and thofe to the
left of it, although ufually called the pillars of Hadrian, are by me fuppofcd to be the remains of the
temple of Jupiter Olympius ; the ruined low wall, to the right of the arch, is a part of the Weftern
end of the peribolus, ftill remaining, that enclofed the facred ground in which that temple ftood. When
we had paffed thcfe columns, and the Eaftern end of the peribolus, of which we found more than
430 feet not utterly demoliflied, we arrived immediately at the vcftiges of the city wall, and of one
of its gates, probably that called Diocharis. We were now on the fide of the IlyfTus ; hence we de-
fended to a copious and beautiful fpring, at prefent called Callirhoe, flowing into the channel of the
river ; this channel we here crofled to arrive at the little temple on the other fide, which, in this plate,
appears between the arch and the groupe of Corinthian columils to the left of it.
The diftant mountain is the higheft part of Hymettus. The figures on the fore-ground reprefent Al-
banefe fliepherds driving their flocks to pafl:ure ; of thefe people I have already fpoken in the firft chap-
ter of this volume.
PLATE II.
The ground plan of the arch.
This edifice is compofed of two orders, both Corinthian, and placed one over the other. The
plan reprefented here is that of the firfl: order. The pedeftals unfliaded with the columns they fup-
ported, as alfo the columns in the oppofite front of this order were taken away.
PLATE
III
Plan of the fecond order.
It is evident, from the ruin itfelf, that the columns unfliaded had a place there, though removed.
The partition between the niches in the centre of this order (alfo unfliaded} is perforated as high as
the bottom of the capitals of the half columns. It was only three inches -^ thick, and was probably
of one piece.
PLATE
IV.
Elevation of the front facing the South-Eaft.
The cornice of the pcdefl:als is reflored, being chipt off", except the aftragal and fillet. (See PI. 6. Fig. I.)
Alfo the columns in the firft order, with thofe over them in the fecond, are fupplicd; 'the latter from
the half columns belonging to the niches.
PLATE
V.
Fig. I . Se(9:ion through the centre of the arch, and of the niches.
Fig. 2. Elevation of one end of the arch, fliewing the connedion of the columns in the fecond
order, with the fquare or Attic column in the centre between them ; alfo the roof of the pediment,
which is cut in imitation of tiles.
Vol. III.
H
Ac-
H
Of the Arch of Th!feus^ Or of Hadrian.
According to the meafurements, the height of the arch from Its bafes, or capitals of the ants, ia
only nine feet eleven inches -h, which is lefs than its femi-diameter by four inches 4^-
The lacunaria in the fofEt of the niches confift of twelve compartments in the breadth of each nich.
PLATE VI
Fig. I. Capital and bafe of the ants at each extremity of the arch, with the entablature of the
lower order of the building, as feen on each front.
Fig. 2. A feflion through the front face of the capital.
PLATE VII.
Fig. I. Half the front of the pedcftals in the lower order.
Fig. 2. Half the front of the capital of the ant« on the flank of the arch.
Fig. 3. A feaion through the front of the capital.
Fig. 4. The plan of half the front face, and half the flank face of the capital.
PLATE VIII.
/
Fig. I. The front of the capital, and bafe of the antae that fupport the arch, with the profile
mouldings of the archivolt.
Fig. 2i The fedion through the front of the capital.
Fig. 3. Half the lateral face of the capital.
Fig. 4. The fedion of the lateral face of the capital.
P L A T E IX.
Fig. I. The capital and bafe of the half columns in the upper order of the arch, with the entabla-
lure they fupport.
Fig. 2. Sedlion through the capital.
Fig. 3. Curve of the abacus of the capital, taken on its lifteL
P L A T E X.
Fig. I. The capital and bafe of the Attic fquare columns in the upper order.
Fig. 2. A feaion through the capital.
Fig. 3. The curve of the abacus ; of the capital taken upon the hftel under the ovolo.
Fig.
Of the Arch of Thefeus^ or of Hadrian. 25
Fig- 4" A feaion of the architrave, and lacunaria, in the foffit of the niches, with the partitloa
between them, which ftlU remains as low as to the bottom of the capitals.
Fig. 5* Half the flower upon the apex of the pediment, in its prefent ftate.
The Head-Piece to this chapter reprefents two ancient chains, one of which is in the Metoxi of St.
Cyriani, near the Vefcovato, or refidence of the bifliop. Of thefe there are feveral at Athens, fome
plain, and others adorned with fculpture, and fome at no great diftance from this arch ; whether they
have been feats for a magiftrate in a court of judicature, or of officers in a gymnafium, is not cailly
determined from their fituation ; for, the Dephinium, a tribunal, and the Lyceum, a gymnafium, were
both in the neighbourhood of this arch.
The Tail-Piece reprefents an antique altar at the door of the church of St. Andrea in Athens.'
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C 27 ]
Of the AqueduSi of Hadrian.
CHAPTER IV*
THE city of Athens was ill provided with water even in the moft flourifhing times of the Repub^
lie {d)y infomuch fo that the inhabitants were obliged to fink wells, to fupply themfelves with that
iieceffary of life.
Thefe we muft conclude were numerous, fince, by a law of Solon, thofe only who lived in the neigh-
bourhood of a well could avail themfelves of its water. This defedl, fo far at leaft as related to new Athens,
was at length remedied by the munificence of the Emperors Adrian and Antoninus Pius. For this pur-
pofe a refervoir was dug at the foot of mount Anchefmus, which was adorned with the Ionic frontifpiece,
the fubjeft of the prefent chapter.
This refervoir appears evidently to have been fupplied with water by an Aqueduct of no mean lengthy
for, we pafl^d fome ruined arches of it in feveral places, at a confiderable diftance from each other, in our
way to Cephiflla, a delightful village, abounding with the moft copious fprings I have any where feen
in the Attic territory: it is between fix and feven miles diftant from Athens, and the Aquedud apparently
led from that place.
Of this frontifpiece only two columns were {landing ; on digging, we difcovered the veftiges of the
other two, and were able to determine its entire extent. Wheler and Spon faw it in 1676, exaditly in
{a) E»Tiw8iir ii$ ri t*w A9»i»a»ft»» ivturtt ar«» oJoj *i iJiH* yiu^»iuin «roUra, ?x*"« propter Cam caufatn, fcd lavationibus et reliquis rebus utuntur : bibant
1-fl o«l'ii ^»x»yOg«i«o»* « ii wo\»j, in^ veiatt uk ivdJ^oj* autem cx putcis, et ita vitant corum vitla.
Dicaearchus in defcrip. Graeciae. Vitr. L. Till. C. 3*
Hence you proceed to the city of the Athenians : the way is pleafant, the
land all cultivated, and chearful in its appcararfce ; but the city is dry and
Darren, neither is it well fupplied with water.
Aquae autem fpecies eft, quae cum habeat non fatis perlucidis venas,
fpuma uti Acs natat in funMiio, colore fimilis vitri purpurei. Hiec
inaxime confiderantur Athenis, ibi enim ex ejufmodi locis et fontibus, et
m Afty, et ad portura Piraeum, dufti funt falientes, e quibus bibit nemo
There is a kind of water, which, not rifing from very tranfparent fourccs*
cafts up a fcum that floats on its furface like purplilh glafs ; this is particu^
larly obfervcd at Athens ; for^ the water from fuch kind of fprings is con-
duced to fountains, as well in the city as in the Pireus, but no one drinks
of them, for the caufes I have related; they are ufcd for walhing and
other matters, but the raifchief they would occafion is avoided by drink-
ing water from the wells*
n
^8
Of the Aqueduci of Hadrian.
the ftate we found it; two of the columns were wanting, and only one half of the infcription remained ;
this Spon fortunately fupplied, from an ancient manufcript (hewn to him at Zara,
The part remaining.
IMP. C^SAR. T. iELlVS
AUG. PIUS. COS. III. TRIB. POT. II. P. P. AQLT^dUCTUM. IN. NOvIS.
CONSUMMAVIT.
The part fupplied by Spon.
HADRIANUS ANTONINUS.
ATHENIS, COEPTUM. A. DITO. HADRIANO. PAT RE. SUO.
DEDICAYITQUE.
PLATE I.
A view of this antiquity in the ftate we faw it (a). On the top of Anchefmus, is a little church
dedicated to St. George; it feems to ftand in the fituation formerly occupied by the temple of Jupiter
Anchefmus, and enjoys a very cxtenfive profped. The figures reprefent an Albanefe mandra, or dairy.
The woman is milking a goat, and making kaimac, a fort of clouted cream, or milk thickened by eva-
poration, fome of which the man leading a horfe is come to purchafe. The Albanefe, who is leaning
againfl: one of the columns, appeared to be the mafter of the little family we fee here, which he chears
with the mufic of his fyrinx, compofed of feven reeds.
On the nearer ground, a calorgero is driving an afs, loaded with wine and olives, from the convent of
Hagio Afomato, part of which is feen at a fmall diftance, to the city refidence of thofe monks. The
diftant mountain is part of Hymettus, and a little building on its fide is the convent of St. Cyriani.
PLATE II.
The plan, elevation, and fe£lion of this frontifpiece. Thofe who have been accuftomed to fee what
are commonly called Venetian windows refembling this form, but with the arch fpringing from thecyma-
tium of the cornice, will look on this example as a deviation from the approved pradtice ; but, if we
allow, that the mouldings of the cornice reprefent the timbers of the roof, as our mafter Vitruvius (jH)
teaches, the cymatium, or upper moulding, muft reprefent the gutter ; as thofe, who fhali prefer, as a
more rational pradice, the fpringing the arch from the architrave the moft firm and folid part of the
entablature, may think this example a fufBcient authority.
PLATE III.
The bafe, capital, and entablature of this building.
They referable the ancient Ionic examples ftill remaining at Rome, rather than thofe of the beft
age of Greece; the mouldings in general, it muft be allowed, are fimple, and in good tafte, though
not finiflied with that delicacy we have admired in the Erec^heum and the temple of Minerva Polias ;
it is perhaps to be accounted a more complete fpecimen of this kind of the Ionic than any which
Rome can at prefent furnifli.
(tf) This edifice is now entirely deftroycd, and even the fcite of it ledium facrarum aedlficationibus artifices difpofitiones corumfculpturisfunt
is not difcernible; but the architrave with the infcriptioh now forms iinitati, et cas inventiones perfequendas putaverunt.
the lintel, or top of one of the gates, leading towards its ancient fitua- Vitruv. Lib. IV. C. 2.
tion in the prefent wall of tlie city, mentioned in the firft chapter of
this volume. ^^^ ^''' ^^wton's excellent tranflation of this author.
(b) Vitruvius, having enumerated the timbers ufed in the framing a roof. The remaining part of the chapter is employed in a fpecification of the
adds ;— E quibus rebus, et a materialura fabri, in lapideis ct marmorcis particulars imitated.
PLATE
Of the JqueduB of Hadrian.
-9
P L A T E IV.
Fig. 1. The capital reverfed.
Fig. 2. The fide of the capital.
Fig. 3. The fedion through the front of the capital
Fig. 4. The fedion through the fide of the capital.
Fig. 5. The mouldings of the architrave and of the arch.
In the neighbourhood of this aquedu^, was the Gymnafium called Cynofarges ; and not far from it,
but nearer the City, another called the Lyceum ; neither of them far from the Ilyffus i in thefe fchools^
among other manly exercifes, we may fuppofe, the youth were taught the ufe of mlflive weapons ; in the
channel of the Ilyffus we found fcveral of the leaden bullets {a) they ufed to caft from their flings, and fome
brazen points of darts. The leaden bullets are fhaped like almonds, fome of them weigh upwards of
three ounces, others only an once and half. They have on one fide a thunderbolt, and on the other
the word AEHA2. The points of the arrows were of different forms, fome having two, others three
faces.
This head-piece is compofed from thefe ancient bullets and darts.
The vignette at the end reprefents a cathedra, perhaps the feat of the Gymnafiarch; of thefe there are
feveral at Athens, fome enriched with fculpture ; others plain, but all of marble.
(a) See Xenophon's retreat of the ten thoufand, the expedition of Cyrus, BoOk m. where he fays the llings of the Rhodians. with leaden buUeta
carried twice as far as thofc of the Pcrfians that threw ftones. '
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[ 35 3
CHAPTER V^
Of the Monument of Philopappus.
THIS building is called by the prefent Athenians To Seggio. Paufanias barely mentions it ; for, after
telling us, that " there is a hill {a) oppoiite to the Acropolis called the Mufeum, from Mufeus, a poet,
*' who ufed to recite his verfes there, and who, dying of extreme old age, was there buried," he only
adds, " here afterwards was ereded the monument of a certain Syrian ;" nor does he fo far indulge our
curiofity as to give us his name. On the authority of the inlcriptions ftill remaining, the travellers, who
have vifited Athens, have however generally called it the Monument of Philopappus. The view, the
plan, and the elevation, of this building, at Plate I. II. and III. of this chapter, render a minute verbal
dcfcription of it unneceffary. It is evident, there have been three niches in ir, although only two re-
main ; in each of thefe is a fitting figure ; under that facing the left hand of the fpedator, who ap-
proaches it, is this infcription, BA2IAET2 ANTIOX02 BA2IAE02 ANTIOXOT, that is, king Antiochus^
fon of king Antiochus, Under the figure, fitting in what has been the middle niche, is this infcription,
^^i-Ko-KmitoQ E7r/f)ANOTS BH^IAIETS, that is, Philopappus the Jon of Ephiphanes of Be/a, or a Bejaian.
Between thefe niches is a pilafter, on which is the following infcription: CIVLW S. CF. FABIA'
AN'tlOCHVS • PHILOPAPPFS^ COS • PRATER • AR VALIS • ALLhCtFS • INTER - PRM-
TO RIO S. AB. IMP. CAESARE. NER FA. TRAIANO • OPTIMO • AVGVSTO • GERMAN ICO •
DACICO • In Englilh thus : Caius Julius', fon of Caius, of the tribe Fabia. Antiochus Philopappus,
Frater arvalis, eleEled among the Pratorians by the mofl excellent and augufl emperor Cajar Nerva Traja-
nus, who triumphed over the Germans and the Dacians (6). By this infcription we learn, that Caius Ju-
lius Antiochus Philopappus arrived at diftinguifhed honours at Rome. It likewife fettles the date of
the building; for, Trajan was faluted with the title OPJFMVSy or moft excellent, in the year 109 ;
and with DACICFS at the conclufion of the Dacian war, which happened before that time. In his
(tf) This hill was fortified by Demetrius, the fon of Antigonus, who (b) Spon has imagined Ihis infcription to be imperfca, and that half of
put a garrifon of Macedonians into it : they were afterwards driven out by it svas continued on the other pilaftcr. which is at prefcnr wantins.
the Athenians. ^^" ^'"^'SC dc Spon, T. 11, p. 2C6.
See Pauf. Attic, cap. xxv. p. 6i. Edit, Khunii. . ^ . . , . i if .u-
*^ On this T muft obfcrvc, that the infcription does not occupy half the
It is within the circuit of the ancient walls of the city, which may be fpace on the pilader- Had it been twice as long as it is, there was ample
here clearly traced. ^o<"" ^^"^ "'
Vol.111. K ^<^^^^
36
Of the Monument of Philopappus.
fecond expedition to the Eaft, after he had expelled Cofroes from the kingdom of Parthia, in the year
III, he was faluted with the title PARlHICVSy a title not given him in this infcription, which wc
may therefore fairly conclude was made before the laft of thefe acclamations.
At the bottom of the hill on which this monument is built, at the part neareft the temple of Jupiter
Olympius, I faw, lying on the ground, two ftatues {a) : they have flood ered, are in Roman habits, and
are exadtly in the fame ftyle of workmanfhip with the fculptures ftill remaining on the monument,
whence they feem to have been rolled down to their prefent fituation ; one of thefe I cannot for-
bear fuppofing flood originally over the pilafter on which we fee the Latin infcription; and the other
over its correfponding pilafter, which, with the part that faced the right hand, has been utterly demo-
liflied. The part of this building already defcribcd ftands on a bafemcnt, which has been divided into
three compartments, adorned with fculptures. In that under the middle niche is a perfon, I fuppofe
the emperor Trajan, feated in a triumphal chariot, drawn by four horfes ; they are led by a youth, and
immediately preceded by a perfon on foot ; the chariot is followed by a captive ; in the compartment
under the niche, where king Antiochus is fitting, are five perfons, attendants on the triumph ; they
each hold fome enfign of dignity, but they are fo mutilated as not to be diftindly particularized. The
compartment which is deftroyed was probably filled with other captives who followed the triumphal
chariot,
Wheler and Spon have fuppofed the Philopappus, to whom they attribute this monument, to have
been a defcendant from the kings of Syria. Perhaps, if we examine the fubjedl more attentively, we
fhall find reafon to conclude, that it was not the monument of a fingle perfon, but that it was ere(^ed
in honour of the laft king of Commagene, and more than one of his defendants. A flight fketch of
hiftory will, I apprehend, render what I have to fay on this fubjeO: intelligible. Commagene was that
Northern part of Syria laft fubdued by the Romans, at which time Antiochus, furnamed Afiaticus, and
Commagenus, the fucceflbr of Tigranes, was deprived of the kingdom of Syria by Pompey, 63 years
before the Chriftian sera : he feems notwithftanding to have ftill prefervcd fome authority in Commagene,
and to have retained the title of king; for, Cicero, who about 10 years afterwards went as governor
into Cilicia, fays, " Antiochus, king of Commagene, fent meflengers to inform him, that the Par-
*' thians had begun to pafs the Euphrates with a great army, in order to invade the Roman terri-
" tory (^.y
This kingdom, with fliort intervals, and of interrupted fucceflions, was continued in his family till
the year of Chrift 72 or 73 ; when Antiochus IV. was deprived of it by Vcfpafian (c), who commanded
him to come to Rome ; where he and his family feem to have lived in afiluence, and to have been
treated with refpe£l. Commagene then became a Roman province, and ceafed to be a kingdom.
Antiochus IV. married Jotape ; by whom he had two fons, Epiphanes and Kallinicus ; the laft-inen-
tioned was probably adopted into a Roman family ; and Epiphanes, the eldeft, feems to have become a
citizen of Athens, and to have had his name enrolled with the Demotai, or corporation of Befa, a De-
mos, or townfliip, belonging to the tribe Antiochis, fo named in honour of Antiochus, a fon of Her-
cules : it was likewife the name of feveral kings of Syria, fome of whom had been benefadors to the
Athenians, I fuppofe a fon of Epiphanes was reprefented by the ftatue feated in the middle niche, with
his grandfather Antiochus IV. on one fide, and perhaps Epiphanes, the fon of Antiochus, and father of
Philopappus, on the other; and that the ftatue of a fon of Kallinicus, a Roman by adoption, was placed
over the pilafter on which we read the Latin infcription ; while a ftatue of fome other diftinguifticd per-
fon of the family ftood over the pilafter which is now wanting.
(a) Thefe Hatucs were not there in the year 1785.
{h) Regis Antiochi Commagene legati primi mlhi nunc nunciarant
Parthorura maguas copias Euphratem tranfire ccepifle.
Cic. Epifl. fam. Lib. I. Epifti 15.
(0 Sueton. in Vcfpaf vit. cap. 4.
PLATE
Of the Monument of Philopappas.
37
P L A T E I.
A view of this monument in its prefent date. On the foreground Mr. Revett and myfelf are introduced
with our friends Mr. James Dawkins and Mr. Robert Wood ; the laft of whom is occupied in copying the
infcription on the pilafter. Our Janizary is making cofFee, which we drank here ; the boy, fitting down
with his hand in a baiket, attends with our cups and faucers. A goatherd with his goats and dogs are
alfo reprefented. In the diftance is feen part of the gulph of Athens, anciently the finus Saronicus ; on the
neareft ftiore is feen the harbour of Phalerus, and to the right of it Munychia ; the Pireus lies ftill far-
ther to the right, fo as not to be brought into this view. The mountain feen over Munychia is part
of Salamis, and the lower ridge-on the left is part of jEgina 5 at the greateft diftance is a mountain in the
Peloponnefus, not far from Argos. »
PLATE II.
Fig. 1 . Plan of the bafement.
Fig. 2. Plan of the part decorated with pilafters and niches.
1> L A T E III.
The elevation of the front, reftored fo far as the authorities we found will juftlfy.
P L A T E IV.
A tranfverfe fedioa through the middle of the monument.
PLATE V.
The mouldings of the bafement, with the bafe of the Corinthian pilafters;
PLATE VI.
Fig. I. The bafe, capital, and architrave of the pilafter, in the back front.
Fig. 2. The plan of the capital reverfcd.
Fig. 3. The profile of the capital.
Fig. 4. The mouldings of the niches in the curved front.
*^ PLATE VII.
Fig. I. The capital and entablature of the curved or principal front.
Fig. 2. Seaion of the capital.
PLATE
33
Of the Monument of Philopappus.
PLATE VIIL
Tlic central part of the baflb relievo under the middle niche, fuppofed to reprefent the triumph of the
chiperor Trajan, in which are feen the figure of the emperor and that of the leader of the car.
PLATE
IX.
Reprefents two figuresj which, added to the above, complete the central baffo relievo.
A. is the perfon who precedes the car on foot.
»
B. IS the captive who follows it. .
PLATE X.
Is the baflb relievo reprefenting the five attendants who precede the triumph.
PLAT E
The two figures, in the niches of which
C. reprefents the flatue of Philopappus in the central niche.
D. that of king Antiochus on the right hand of the above.
XI.
The
Of the Monument of Phikpappus.
39
The Head-piece to this chapter confifts of two medals of Commdgene. on one of «hich is an an-
:r i;rarrw:!d kSIThnoT'^ ^^^^'r' ^ --'^ -' '-' '--'^-^^ ^'- ^^^^
The other medal has two young men on horfeback, with the infcription BAHAEOS TlOI in the
.exergue, and on the reverfe a figure of Capricorn, with a ftar over it. and an anchor under it, with
■the legend KOMMArHNaN. the whole furrounded by a crown of laurel. The royal children are fup-
pofed to be Ep.phanes and Callinicus, the two fons of Antiochus the Fourth. The anchor is a fymbol
frequently feen on the medals of the kings of Syria, and on thofe of Commagene ; and feems intended
ttoaliert their defcent from Seleucus, thefirft king of Syria.
The Tail-piece is alfo compofed of two medals (a), of which one reprefents Antiochus the Fourth
=and the other Jotape his queen. They have each the fame reverfe. the fign Scorpio, with the word
KOMMArHNQN enclofed within a crown of laurel. ^ F . wora
^iiJ^' ""'" '""" "'"' *""' '''"'"'' ""' ""''• "' '" "" 'O"'^'"" »f ^''''"' P>y- Knight. Ef,. „h, very obligingly lent them for the
Vol. III.
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CHAPTER
VI.
Of the Temple at Corinth.
vvo«hL? 7 ''^' """"A '^'u^ '''"' " ''"^^^' ^'"" "^ f''""^ ^"y ^^"^-- -f ancient buildings
worth our ncK.ce, was at Cor.nth. Here are the reo^ains of a Doric temple, apparently of .reat an
pS;. ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^''""^"^^ '^' ^^"•^^'^ ,He improvements it afte'r.ari: did fn thr^lof
The part where five columns are feen has the appearance of having been the front (.); probaWv
the ,„g,e column was .n the mternal portico, with anr. at the extremities of each w 1 in which
ca e th.s temple muft have been undoubtedly periptero, and therefore probably had not .ore thL f
columns m front, and ,n Us general difpofition. not unl.ke the temple of TheLs. The column ha e
twenty flut.ngs wh.ch terminate under the hllels of the capital, and are fegments of circles Z Th
gutt^ are round, and detached from the architrave. The material is a rough porous ftone, he ftafts
of the CO umns are each of one block only, and the whole has been covered with ftucco. The dim
nution of the fliafts begins from the bottom.
The architraves are of one ftone each from center to center of the columns.
oeen made. The meafures of this antiquity are taken in inches of eigluhs maroie.
inllead of decimals, as in the other examples j probably the roughnefs of ^^^ The depths were fo uncertainly figured as not to warrant the iV
fcrtion of them in the plate.
M
PLATE
t '
42
Of the T'emple at Corinth.
PLATE I.
View of the ruins of the temple at Corinth (<»).
PLATE II.
Fig. I. Elevation of what is fuppofed to have been the flank of the temple. The modern wall
between the columns is inferted in this elevation ; no meafures of the column which formed a part of
the pronaos have been found. ,
Fig. 2. Plan of the temple.
PLATE III.
Fig. 1. Capital and architrave of the columns with the ftep. There were fix drops under each
triglyph, but all of them broke off, for which reafon they could not be meafured nor drawn.
Fig. 2. Annulets, or liftcls, under the ovolo, full fize.
U P L A T E IV.
View of the Acro-Corinthos, or Acropolis of Corinth (V).
{a) Mr. Stuart has not left any dcfcription of this view. Acro-Corinthos Is much more ftrlkingthan that which is here reprefentcd,
the fummit of the mountain being more conical, and the fides falling more
(*) This plate is engraved from a drawing of Mr. Cozens, made from precipitately : this mountain is nearly infular, and its fortified fummit may
an original unfiniflied, drawn by Mr. Stuart. It is taken from the Northern ^^ regarded as a more impregnable military pofition than Guallior in Hin-
fuburb of Corinth, from which the Acro-Corinthos bears about South- ^^^^^^
Eaft, and is about a mile and a half diftant. The Northern afpe£t of the
The
Of the Temple at Corinth.
43
The Head-PIece confifts of five medals of Corinth, of which four are filver, and one of copper. The
reverfes of three of them only are givtn. The firft on the left has Pegafus ; and, on the reverfe, an im-
preffion, poffibly to hold the coin upon, the die in Itriking; this is of a very early date. The next
medal has the head of Minerva, with Pegafus, poffibly of later date than the former ; the third is the
fame, but of great merit in its fculpture, and of the time when arts were in great perfedion. The lower
one on the right is alfo of good fculpture, and is a head of Proferpine, with a Pegafus on the reverfe.
The upper one on the right is of exceeding bad fculpture, and imperfcdt in the impreffion, which is
Bellerophon, mounted upon Pegafus, killing the Chimera, with the legend Quintus Cecllius Niger.
The Tail-Piece is an Iftmian crown, in the center of which is a medallion of Eellerophon watering
Pegafus, copied from an antique gem.
CHAPTER
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CHAPTER Vn.
0/ the Bridge vaer the Ilyfus^ and the Stadium Panatknaicam.
THIS bridge is very much ruined {a), no part of the outer face remaining, except five or fix ftones
at the fpringing of the arch, marked A. The arches are femicircular; the pier is about five-twelfths
of the arch. The breadth of the bridge could not be meafured to any certainty, but it muft have been
at leaft above feventy feet. The fituation accounts for its extraordinary breadth, which is diredlly front-
ing the Stadium Panathenaicum, and over it paffed thofe who attended the games. There are at prefent
no remains of any ornamental architefiure either about the bridge or ftadium.
PLATE I.
A view of the channel of the Iliffus, and of the bridge, now partly ruined, but which formerly led
to the Stadium Panathenaicum, and to the country of Agra. This channel is generally dettitute of wa-
ter, except in the rainy fcafon, when it imbibes fufficient moifture to produce fome herbage even m
the dog-days, during which feafon the air is fo heated as to raife the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermo-
meter, though placed in the {hade, to 96°, and fometimes to upwards of 99°- At this time the open
country is then entirely parched up, and all appearance of verdure for feveral weeks utterly deftroyed.
(«) It was deftroyed a« low as the bed of the riycr in 1785.
4
VPL. III.
N
The
fli
48
Of the Bridge over the liyjjus.
The figures and animals arc, I believe, part of the fame family and flock, Introduced in the view of
the arch of Hadrian ; the female vifitors are relations to the men, and affift them in gathering and
conduaing homeward the flock, which is lodged for the night under the fame roof with the reft of
the family, the number of wolves in this country rendering fuch precaution neceflary. The mufic,
with which thefe female vifitors are entertained, is produced by a kind of flagelet and a guittar,*
played on with a bow, as if it were a violin. Through the middle arch of the bridge is feen at a
diftance the little Ionic temple, given in the fecond Chapter of Vol. I. On the right hand appear
fome of the columns of Hadrian. The channel of Hadrian lies between the two laft-mentioned anti-
quities, and forms a kind of dell, in which the fountain Callirhoe gulhes out from among fome rocks.
On the diftant hill, formerly called the Mufeum, ftands the monument of Philopappus. Over the
two goats on the left hand is the Weftern extremity of the Stadium, now entirely defpoiled of the
furprifing quantity of marble with which it was fo magnificently adorned by Herodes Atticus.
PLATE II.
Plan of the bridge, with the elevation of it next to the South Weft.
4'
P L A T E III.
View of the Stadium Panathenaicum, taken as ftanding upon the elevated part of the circular end,
which is next to the South, and looking down upon it. The ruins on each fide in the foreground
are the ftiapelefs mafi'es of rubble, defpoiled of the marble witb which the whole was once covered.
The general lines, where the marble feats once were, are here diftinguiflied along the fide, though none
now remain. On each extremity, next to the Ilyffus, the fame fort of rubble-work remains, and may
be perceived in this view ; as alfo the piers of the bridge over the Ilyffus, which, though pulled down
too low to be perceived from this fituation when this view was drawn {a), were the only means by
which the river could be indicated, as it does not rife high enough in its bed to be feen at any time
from hence, though the bridge certainly would have been, had It exifted. Over the hill, on the right,
is the top of mount Anchefmus. On the left is feen a part of the modern wall of the city ; and, in
the middle of the view, is the plain of Athens, North of the city, with the hills called Corydallus, an-
clently, but now Daphne, in the diftancc.
The Head-Piece to this chapter Is a fragment in the wall of a fmall old church on the left hand
going from the Temple of Thefeus to the Poikile, nearly oppofite to the Gymnafium. The three
fpears, with thongs or loops, feem to deferve our notice, as it, in fome degree, explains the manner in
which
and the Stadium Panathenaicum,
49
which the ancient horfemen, by the aid of their fpears, vaulted on to their horfes backs, as related by
Xenophon.
The Tail-Piece is copied from a baffo relievo, reprefenting an athleta, preparing to encounter his
antagonift, and is anointing himfelf. I could not difcover any infcription on it, and thought it ilrange
to find his hair and beard unfhorn.
CHAPTER
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CHAPTER Vlli.
Of tBe Oikum of Regilla,
THIS nia » too tefpeftabfe^ m account of its extent, to tie patfcd over unnoticed j but it is fo far
&moh(hed, that notfeing more than the general fo^n, of its plan can poflibly be afcertalncd ; the prefen?
AtheoHns cal it the Areopagas^ and Spbn Has adopttd this opirfjon, but Wheeler has fome doubts whe-
tker itis really the rain of that famous tribunal, or the Odeuni; t>r. Charidler {a) hai Aippofed it to
have been the Pnyx. To this opirtion I can have little objeftioft, Except that I do not fee liow the ac-
count which Plutarch has given of this place, in his life of Thcmiftocles, can U here verified, that is,
how the Suggefluifi, or pulpit, could be faid to look towards the fca, Until it was by the thirty tyrants
turned fo that it looked towards the country, or how Juftice, when feated on that part of the hill Areo-
pgus which faced the ruin, ihould ha^fc feen Pan coming towards her from his grotto under the Acro-
polis, fince her back would have bee« turned to him. I, however, think it is the OdeU* built by Atti-
cus Herodes in honour of his wife Regilla. It appears to me that Paufanias (h) fpeaks of if, where, de-
fcribing the buildings of Patrafsj he fays, *' on one fide of the Foruih is the OdeUm, where is an Apollo
" worthy of obfervation, &c." and continues to obferve, " this is the noWeft and moft adorned of any
« Odeum in Greece, except that of Athens, which, for fiie, and in every rcfpea, excels, built by arf
•« Athenian nafned Herodes. In my treatife of Attica I omitted the defcriptioh of this theatre, becauf? I
*' had finiflied writing before the building was completed."
This Odeum appeari to nie to be diflih'a ffonS that built by Pericles. N6' hint is gi^eh in dtiy an,"
cient author, who has mentioned the Odeum of Prfricles, that it was repaired by HeroHes,' but,- on the
contrary, he is faid to have built his Odeum in honour of Regilla, not to liave repaired an old one.
Indetd- that theatre having been repaired by Ariobarzanes," King of Cappadocia, about the time of Afci
guftus, would render another repair in the time of Trajan or Hadrian ratlier improbable.
(«) See Cbandkr't Trwelt in Grericcj
:fl^^4*tft».<*?^
Vol. III.
/'^'
J0'
fhh-t^
Of the Odeum ifRegilUn
1» t A t fe t
This Plate contains, ftg. t* llic plan of the remains of the theatre, which ire (carcely toort ttiah tlife
Jock on which it flood ; the front which looks towards the city is raifed by a fort of irregular ruftic wall^
and the back line, in an obtufc angle, is formed by the natural rock, which is a dark-coloured hard
Hone, being cut down to the level. Almbft the whole of the prefent remains are cut in the rock. A are
fome fteps which lead from the theatre to the level abbvc it. B is a rock cut in the matmet of A wall
Fig. a. The pulpitum, drawn by a krgcr fcalc*^
Fig. 3* Profile of the pulpitum*
i i
The ttead-Piecc to this chapter is part of ttc capital of ii pilafter.
Thf Tail<^Piece is an ornament found in the convent of Daphnes
%
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CHAPTER IX.
Of a Ruin at Salonkha^ called the Incantada^
WE fhall now take our leave of Athens, where the turbulencies \l^hich arofe on the death of Bekir,
the chief of the black eunuchs, occadoned fome obflrudion to our purfuits ; and the infolent rapacity of
the Greek, who was our conful there, rendered it neceffary for us to procure better protedtion, or at
leaft a renewal of that with which Sir James Porter had furniflied us. To folicit this, I fet out for
Conftantinople ; but an untoward circumftance obliged me to (lop by the way, and retire toTheflalonica,
where it was my good fortune to find Mr. Paradife, our conful, who received me with the moft cordial
hofpitality ; I (hall always remember, with pleafure and gratitude, the many kind offices for which I am
indebted to hijn-
Hence it became unfafe to proceed farther, on account of the plague, which had broken out in
feveral places through which I mufl: have pafled had I continued my journey. Mr. Revet, whom I
had left at Athens, joined me at Theflalonica ; and, foon after his arrival, the plague manifefted itfelf.
The contagion fpread with dreadful rapidity, and raged for fome time with unremitted violence,
infomuch that, in the fpace of a {^"^ months, near 30,000 people are faid to have perifhed. Thefe
circumftances put an effectual flop to my intended expedition to Conftantinople.
Frefh obftacles arifing, we thought it prudent to relinquifli all farther purfuits, and return home with
what we had already obtained: we therefore agreed to go to Smyrna, where we had fome friends, and
where we (hould probably find an early opportunity of procuring a fafc and fpeedy paffage to England.
We had vifited fuch objedls of curiofity as our enquiries could difcover at Theflalonica before we left
It; but, although it is a large and populous city, faid at that time to contain 100,000 inhabitants, we
found the remains of only one building, the defcription of which we could flatter ourfelves would intereft
the lovers of ancient art.
This is fituated in the Jews quarter ; five Corinthian columns on their pedeftals fupport an entablature^
over which is an Attic adorned with figures in alto relievo ; on the fide next the flreet are a Victory^
a Medea, perhaps, or a Helen, with a diadem and fcepter, a Telephus, and a Ganymede; and, next the
court-yard of the Jews-houfe, a Bacchante dancing and playing on the flute, a Bacchus, a Bacchante
crowned with viae leav^'^, and a Leda. It feems difficult, if not impofllble, to afcertain the fpecies of
Vol. IlL P building
54
Of a Ruin at Salonicha,
building of which this ruin once made a part ; for, though the figures I have fpecified would feem to be
proper decorations for a theatre, no traces were difcovered that might confirm the opinion thefe figures
fiiggefted; nor does the vulgar tradition of the place afford any light, that may adift our enquiriet I
will, however, relate the account they give, juft as I received it, fince it will give the reader fome idea
of the prefent Greeks, Hiew their propenfny for the marvellous, and the facility with which, from a few
given circumdances, they can make out a wonderful flory.
ll^is -building they call Goetria the Incantada, and affirm it to have been the work of magic art-
On bemg a(ked when, and on what occafion, this extraordinary fad was performed, they anfwered, the
faa was undoubted; every body knew that their great King Alexander conquered Pcrfia: when he was
preparing to invade that empire, he follicited the affittance of a King of Thrace, who accordingly united
his forces to thofe of his Macedonian neighbour, attending in perfon, with his family, at the court of
Alexander, where they were royally entertained, and lodged in a fumptuous palace near his own, com-
municatmg with it by means of a magnificent gallery, of which thefe columns are the remains. The
Thracian Queen, a lady of tranfcendent beauty, accompanied her hufband on this vifit. Alexander,
young, aid unaccuflomed to controul his pafllons, ardent in the purfuits of love as of glory, dazzled
with fuch cxcefs of charms, determined to violate the rights of hofpitality, and feduce the Queen of
Thrace. He contrived, by means of this gallery, to pay her frequent vifits, though not fo privily as
to tfcape the notice of her hufband, who, having verified his fufpicions, refolved to take a dreadful
revenge on the deluder. He had in his train a fkilful necromancer from Pontus, who, difcovering by
his art the inftant that Alexander was to pafs to the Queen's apartment, fcattered his fp'ells and charms
throughout this gallery ; they were of fuch marvellous power, that whoever fliould, at a certain hour,
attempt to paft, would inevitably be converted into ftone. Ariltotle, a conjurer attached to Alexander^
and of fkiU greatly fuperior to the man of Pontus, difcovered his danger time enough to prevent it: by
his advice and entreaties, Alexander was prevailed on to forbear for once his appointed vifit. The im-
patient Queen, tired with expeflation, fent one of her confidential fervants to fee If her lover was
coming, and flie herfclf foon followed. At this inftant, the King, fuppofing the magic had worked all
Its effea, iffued forth, attended by his conjurer, to feaft his eyes with a fight of the revenge he had
taken; when, ftrange to relate, both companies, thofe with the King, as well as thofe with The Queen,
were inllantly changed to ftone, and remain to this hour a monument of vengeance on a jealous
hufband and an unfaithful wife.
Several churches are to be feen in Theflklonica, which were built by the Conftantinopolitan Emperors,
now converted into Mofcheas by the Turks. Thefe churches, and a triumphal arch ftill remainin<T are
faid to have been ereded in honour of Theodofius, A. D. 390, and prove, that the decay of empire
and of arts kept a pretty equal psce with each other.
P L A T E I.
A view of the Incantada, taken in the court-yard of a Jew merchant, on whofe premifes it ftands.
The figures reprefent an interview between Conful Paradife and the Jew. The Conful had, with great
good-nature, infifted on attending us to the Jew's houfe, the more effeaually and more readily to obtain
pcrmiflion for us to meafure and defign whatever we might find there worthy our notice; and, as the
columns were buried to a confiderable depth, to dig where we thought proper. The Jew received us ac
the door of his court-yard ; he was attended by a boy with coflee, which, with great refpeft, he imme-
diately oflered to the Conful; his wife, from a kind of gallery, gently reprehended her hufband for a
breach of decorum, by ofTering his cofiee before he had defired the Conful to fit down; two young
women, her daughters, were with her; their curiofity had prompted them to venture thus far, to take
a view of their father's vifitors. An old woman, who was fpinning, approached us with a greater
appearance of confidence. The figures, which are feen at a little diflance, are Mr. Revett and myfelf,
with my excellent friend young Mr. Paradife, then about 10 years old, attended by a Greek, who was
Dragoman to the Conful.
P L A T li
called the Incaniada.
55
PLATE IL
the plan^ clevratioii, and fealon, of the Incantada.
PLATE IIL
The capital and entablature.
PLATE IV.
Pedeftal, bafe, and plan reVerfed of the capital.
- P L A T E V.
Moulding of the Attic, and two Macedonian medals of the fame device; one barbarous, the other
elegant work*
PLATE VL
A figure reprcfentirig Viaory,
PLATE VIL
A royal lady; perhaps Helen, the fubjefi of a tragedy of Euripides;
PLATE VIII.
Telephus. Euripides has written a tragedy with this title, of which only a fragment remains.
P L A T E IX*
Ganymedes. See the Ttojans of Euripides*
PLATE X.
Leda*
PLATE XL
Bacchante with a Thyrfus;
PLATE XII
Bacchus with a Tiger. See the Bacchas of Euripides.
PLATE
-s
^^
tl!
515
Of a Ruin at Sa/omhat called the tncantada.
PLATE Xin.
A Bacchante dancing and playing on a flute.
The head-piece of this chapter may ferve to confirm what has been fuggefted In the defcription of
Plate V. concerning the medals of Macedon; the firft medal being a moft uncouth attempt to exprefs
the head of Jupiter, and the horfeman; both of which we fee executed with fuperior art and elegance
in the fecond. This will furprize no one who has feen the more antient Tetradrachms, the workman-
(hip of which do not furpafs that of thefe barbarous Macedonian coins, introduced here only to combat
an opinion that calls them barbaroys Celtic.
The ufe of them is obvious, as they mark the ftate of arts more exadly than the Athenian; for, as
the medals of Macedoa have frequently the portrait, and generally the name, of the King in whofc
reign they were ftruck, they may be confidered as faithful evidences of the flate of the arts in each reign.
The tail-piece is a baffo relievo in the fchool near the Megalia Panagia; elegantly wrought, but very
ill preferved.
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CHAPTER
X.
Of the Ifland of Delos.
THE Ifland of Delos has been fo well defcribed by Wheler and Spon, Tournefort, and others, that
few particulars remain unnoticed by them ; and many things they faw are now deftroyed. What feemed
chieHy to deferve our notice, were the Temple of Apollo, and the Portico of Philip, King of Macedon,
than which laft I have not any where feen a more elegant Doric example, nor any more fitted for the ufe
of profane or private edifices.
This ifland, once fo celebrated, the refort of multitudes, the feat of religion) religious ceremonies,
and pompous proceflions, is now an uninhabited defcrt, every where ftrewed with ruins, fo various, aad
fo well wrought, as to evince its once populous and flourifliing condition. The only animals we faw
here, befide rabbets and fnakes, were a few {heep brought occafionally from Mycone, a neighbouring
ifland, to crop the fcanty herbage which the ruins will permit to grow. Travellers, who have vifited thil
place, have been diftreft for water ; I have, therefore, given a map of the ifland, in which, among
other particulars, the fituation of an excellent well is marked. The number of curious marbles here is
continually diminifliing {a\ on account of a cuftom, the Turks have, of placing, at the heads of the grav.^s
of their deceafed friends, a marble column ; and the miferable fculptors of that nation come here every
year, and work up the fragments for that purpofe, carving the figure of a turban on the top of the monu-
mental ftone. Other pieces they carry off for lintels and window cills ; fo that, in a few years, it
may be as naked as when it firft made its appearance above the furface of the fea. The defcriptlon and
map of this ifland, given by Monf. Tournefort, are both very exad {b)i it was our misfortune not to
have his book with us, or to have read it, before our return to England. Here are two examples of the
Doric order, both excellent in their kind ; one of which belongs to, what I imagine to have been, th^
(a) In the year 1785, there were no remains but one fingle altar of (b) Mr. Reveley, who had Tourncfort's voyage, found his dcfcriptions
marble, broken into pieces, with heaps of ruins of buildings, but not even in general very true ; but, a great part of the antiquities being either carried
a ftone of any regular form, or any ornamental fragments. The antiquities, away, deftroyed, or burnt into lime, the iHands are now lefs interc.luig,
defcribed in this chapter, are faid to have been taken away by a Ruffian have both fewer inhabitants and are lefs cultivated, fome of them without
fleet, in the laft war againft the Turks. any inhabitants at all, and entirely bare, as is the cafe in tliis ifland.
Vol. II.
Temple
58
Of the IJland of Dehs.
Temple of Apollo ; the other to the portico of Philip (c) ; the latter, on account of the Iightnefs of its
proportions differs from all the other examples we have given, and is more fuitable for common ufe. We
found it impoflible to make out the extent or plans of either of the above buildings. We have, therefore,
given only defigns of the fragments now remaining.
PLATE I.
The plan and elevation of two Doric columns of the Temple of Apollo at Delos ; the (hafts are
fluted at their upper and lower extremities, but the intermediate part is plain. It is poffible, that on
folemn occafions the plain part was covered with tapeftry* We could not form any opinion on the dimen-
fions of this Temple.
PLATE II.
Shaft, capital, and entablature, of the columns.
P L A T E III.
Plan and elevation of the portico of Philip King of Macedon. The extent of it we could not
determine.
P L A T E IV.
The (haft, capital, and entablature, of th« columns. The infcription is given by Tournefort, who
viiited Delos in the year 1770.
The head-piece to this chapter exhibits feveral fragments and infcriptions, which I know not where to
introduce with more propriety. Thofe at the top and bottom are oppofite fides of the fame ftone, which is
nineteen feet long. The infcription is entire, and fays, that the pedeftal and ftatue are of the fame piece
of marble ; but it feems to be a flab, fawed out of a much larger block. The infcription at the bottom ex-
preflTes, that it is a gift of the Naxians to Apollo ; and the charaders are of a later age.
The two extreme pieces of fculpture, which are two feet fix inches fquare each, are remaining parts of a
trophy ereded near the portico of Philip, which have fuffcred much from violence. One probably is a
Macedonian fliield, and pofllbly has had a head of Perfeus upon it.
The other fliield is probably Theban.
(() The following conjcaurc of Mr. Stuart, written in a fkctch-book, *« Is it not probable, that this portico was creaed by Philip, after tlie
is here infcrted. It appears, however, uncertain, whether he intended facrcd war ; and that thcfc ruined trophies are of himfelf, and his allies the
it Ihould be publiihed or not; viz.. Boetians V
On
Ma
■
Of the IJland ojDelos.
59
On the center block are certain crowns, three of which were of gold, won by fbmebody, whofe name
we could not trace upon the ftone. The block on which it (lands is an invocation to Diana, in behalf of
Auguftus^ by Artorius, his phyfician.
The other infcriptions have Angularities in them defervlng our attentioii;,
The tail-piece is a beautiful antique altar found at Mycone, to which ifland it was brought from
Delos.
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CHAPTER XL
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Of an Ionic Colonade near the Lantern of Demo/ihenes.
NEAR the lantern of Demofthenes are the remains of an Ionic colonade, now part of an oil-mill j
they confift of three columns ered, of which two, with their architrave, are in their original fituation.
.-*
The workmanQiip is very rude and unfiniflied, from which circumftances they were, probably, never
intended to be much cxpofed to fight. The columns are of a greyirti marble, and the (hafts each of one
piece. The bafes have no plinths, and the intercolumniation is three diameters and half. We obfervcd
in the capitals, fome remarkable Angularities. Though it is not poflible to difcover what this building
was, it is undoubtedly a part of a confiderable edifice.
W
PLATE i.
Fig. I. Elevatloaof the Columns.
Fig. a. Plan of ditto.
Fig. 3. Plan of the capital.
Vol. II. .
V.'l
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Fig. 4.
i^.. .*
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62 Of an Ionic Colonade ne^rjhe Lantern of Demofthenes.
Fig. 4. Flank of the capital.
Fig. 5. Sedion through the front of ditto.
^ Fig. 6. Sedion through the flank of ditto.
Fig. 7. The fpiral line of the volute, by a larger fcalc.
Fig. 8, The feaion of the volute and abacus, which, by a miftake, has been put upfidc down^
Fig 9, Eye of the volute.
P L A T E II.
£m.
4
Fig. I. The bafe, capital, architrave, and frieze;
Fig. 2. Profile of the internal face of the architrave.
The Head-Piece is a baflb relievo, of very ordinary workmanfliip, in the wall of the fchool, near Megalia
Panagia, at Athens.
The Tail-Piece is a bafTo relievo, of very mafterly ftyle, but flightly finiflied, over the door of a church
near Maroufi.
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CHAPTER
XIL
Offome AntiquitieSy vohichyfrom their ruined State, are more inconfiderahk. > '
BESIDES the ruins already defcribed in this volume, feveral lefs confiderable remains are to be feen
in difFerent parts of Athens.
Of thefe the Gymnafium of Ptolemy occupies by much the largeft fpace ; detached fragments of its
ruined walls remain in that part of the city near the Bafar, and are there intermixed with a number of
habitations, many of them the refidence of Turkifh families, amongft whom an extreme regard for the
honour of their women renders accefs difficult, and a diligent refearch impradicable.
1% ^ '
This was, however, lefs to be regretted, fince, from the fulleft information we could, after the ftri(^eft
enquiry, obtain, we were affured, that not any fragment of fculpture or architedlural ornament was to
be found there. I have, therefore, contented myfelf with marking its fituation in the map of Athens
in this volume^ and therein expreffing the form of its outward walls.
There is likewife a building near the Tower of the Winds, that attraded our notice: it is of uil*
doubted antiquity, and not void of elegance ; but, as it was inhabited by a Turkifli lady, a widow, re*
fpefted for her exemplary life, her auftere manners, and extenfive bounty, we did not prefs with un-
becoming folicitation for admiffion into her houfe ; for, had (he complied, it would have been efteemed
a high breach of Turkifli decorum ; this, together with her moft religious deteftation of all who werd
not true believers, effeaually excluded us, and difappointed our curiofity. We, however, meafured and
made drawings of the external face next to the ftreet, but have not been able to form fo much as a guefa
at its original name or deftination ; but the fragment of an infcription on its frieze proves it to havd
been a public edifice, and its form fliews that it was not a temple.
It faces the Eaft, and lies due South of the Temple of the Winds*
The whole is contained in one plate.
Fig. I. Elevation of the part remaining, which fliews that there were not fewer than three archeji
Fig. 2. Plan of ditto*
Fig. 3. ppitals of the pilafters, with the profile of the archivolt ; the fpandrel, on which is a rofe,
projeds equal to the upper facia of the archivolt, as fliewn upon the right hand fide, where the profile of
the archivolt is given ; but the projedion of the central fillet is ftiewn on the left from the flat fufface of
the fpandrel.
Fig. 4. Is the profile of the impofl: mouldings* •. .
Fig. 5. Sedion through the entablature, which is probably incomplete.
4
« <
»'
«
fifi,
'■'i.
t-
64
Offome Antiquities which are^ piorf inconfiderable.
Fig. 6. Spandrel with the rofe.
Fig. 7. Profile in the center between the two capitals of the pilafters, fliewing the manner ip which
the mouldings finifli againft the back ground.
^Proceeding towards the arch of Hadrian, and not far from it, there remains, in a yard belonging to
the habitation of an Albanefe, part of a bafement, near feven feet high, and about nineteen {^tt in length ;
in the fame place, and in all appearance part of the fame building, lie many marble fragments ; amongft
them is a^arge piece of cornice, which appears to have been part of an Ionic entablature : from all which
I concluded, that a building of no mean extent and elegance formerly adorned this place (^),
Two foli^ary columns alfo remain in the deferted parts of the city, and at a great diftance from each
other, one being North of the acropolis, near the traces of the ancient city-walls, and the other South of
it, both in their original fituations ; they are no doubt the remains of fome {lately buildings, of which
at prefent no other remains appear,
{a) Of Uic above ruin Mr. Stuart has left no drawingr
i*
FINIS,
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I
ERRATA AND ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS.
Page 4, fecond column of note, line 45, fupply AyiapaxSpt.
Page 5. The column mentioned in the lall line of the firft column of the
note is excavated, and Mr. Revctt thinks it may poflibly have
been a ftandard meafure, perhaps that called Mcdimnus.
Page 7. At the end of the defcription of plate VI. infcrt.
Fig. 3. Plan of the Jngu/ar Triglyph.
In defcription of plate VII. dele down to the pediment, and
read
The capital and hafe of one of the anttt ; feflion of the entablature
over the columns and antx of the Pronaos and Pojlicumt with the
Lacunaria.
In defcription of plate VIII. dele the whole, and read
Fig. I. Seeiion of the entablature ^ over the columns ef the portico,
and lacunaria^ with the mouldings^ and part of the bajfo relievo on
the front of the Pronaos.
Fig. 2. Plan ofthefoffit of the Architrave and Lacunaria.
Page 8. In defcription of plate X. add after temple— to fhcw the mafonry and
difpojition of the Lacunaria.
line 20, for is read are.
line 29, for plate 10 read plate XI.
Page 10, line 2d, Mr. Revett fays, that the ornament, faid to be painted in
dark ochre, was only fcratchcd upon the marble, probably as an
outline to paint upon,
line 3, ziltxjide read is.
Chapter I. Plate VII.
The lower plinth, 3.45 high, in the bafc of the anlac, (hould Ixs (haded
as a fe6lion, as it forms a ftep in the Pronaos and Pollicus. The baflb re-
lievos ot the Pronaos and Pofticus are defcribcd in page 6, and again in page 9,
which was owing to the drawings of plates 15 to 24 not being found when
the chapter was printed.
Chapter I. Plate IX.
Fig. C, dotted line radius e fliould have at the upper end k.
Page 13, line 5, for There were read They were.
Page 14, line 11, for Peripteros read Dipteros.
Note (a), line 10, Mr. Revett defircs that the words and which
bafe he meafuredfor this pur pofcy may be taken out ; for, though
he examined this bafe for the purpofc, he took his meafures of
the bafe of the outward range, from one of the columns of the
flank.
Page 14. Note (a), for Areopolis read Acropolis.
Page 15, firft line, iox Jiadias xt.'aAfladia.
Page 16, line 11, for E The column, &c. read F The column.
Page 17. For head-piece read tail-piece, and vice verfa.
Page 19, line 4, for HRPINnOAIS read H HPIN HOAI^.
line 7, for OT XI read OTXI.
line 10, for Pentetic read Pentelic.
Page 20, line 25, for Cynofages read Cynofarges.
Page 21, line 25, for Pockyle read Poikile.
Two lafl lines of the note fhould be placed in note (b) in the
following page 22.
Page aa. Note -(e) fupprefs the firft word As.
Page 23. By Mr. Revett, line 3d, after Olympius add, the nearejl pillar feen
through the arch was that in the fVcJlcrn front of the temple now
defiroyed.
Defcription of Plate III. Mr. Revett thinks that the Aatues of
Hadrian and Thefeus were placed in the niches over their re-
fpeAive infcriptions. Mr. Revctt, however, faw no remains or
mark on the bottom of the niches of any ftatues having been
there.
In defcription of Plate IV. for PI. 6, fig. I. read PI. VII. fig. I.
Page 25, line 4, for Metoxi read Metochi.
line 8, for Dephinium read Delphinium.
Mr. Revett fays, that the chair mentioned In this page from its
form, wider at the back than in front, fliews, that it was ihc
outer chair of a circular exhaedra : one fule is as here lepre-
fented, but the oppolite one is plain, and it was evidently
joined by others, which, from their fituation, mud have had
both their fides the fame, that is, plain. Vitrutius, treating
of the Palcftra, fays, Conftituuntur autem in tribus porti-
cibus Exhaedrae fpatiofae habentes fedes, in quibus philofophi,
rhetores, reliquique, qui ftudiis deleclanlur, fedentes difputare
poffint. Galliani Vitruv. lib. 5. chap. XL
Chapter III. Plate X.
Fig. 5, muft be fupplied to the flower.
Paee ^c, line 13, for FABIA read FAB.
14, for JLLECTrS read AILLECTrS, for fo it is in the
marble, though it ought to be ELECTVS.
15, for OPTIMO read OPTVMO.
Page 37, line 7, Phalerus, and to the right of the Munychia, this muft be un-
derftood on the left of a pcrfon viewing the print.
Fig. I.
Fig. a.
Page 37. Take out defcriptions of plates VI. and VII. and read Plate Vl.
Fig . I . B„/e, capital, and architrave of the tilajler^ in the back front.
Fig. 2. Plan of the capital of the infcribed pilajier in the curved front, with
tf^f fiffli of the architrave over the central niche.
Fig. 3. Profile of the capital in the back front.
Fig. 4. The mouldings of the niches in the curved front.
Plate VII.
The capital of the pilajier bearing the infcription, with the entabla-
ture of the curved or principal front.
Section of the capital.
Chapter V. Plate XI.
Infcrt letter C under the figure half uncovered, and D under that covered
with drapery.
Page 41, line 5, before front {a) infert wejlern.
Add a remark by Mr. Revctt, viz.
We always found the principal fronts of temples facing the Eaft,
where the fituation would .idmit of it.
line 6, for internal portico tcm\ pojlicum.
Note (a) for inches 0/ eighths read inches an^ eighths.
Page 42. Defcription of place I. fupphcd by Mr. Revett.
The figures in the foreground are, two Turks on horfchack ; two ladies,
with a child and black fervant returning from the bath, and Zantiot ma-
riners playing at cards. On the right hand of the temple ap|>ears part of the
city (for it confifts of four or five groups of buildings not united together),
and beyond it is the Gulph of Corinth with fomc part of the Illhmus.
The distant mountains are in the territory of Mcgara. On the left hand,
between the trees, are feen the Mounts Parnaffiis and IIclicoHi or mountains
near them. *
Page 47, line 2, after A .idd in Plate II.
Page 48, line 8, for Hadrian read JlyJ/us.
Page 52, line 6, after wall Mr. Revett adds m follows:
Suidas explaining the word {rxi;vi) (fccne) fav$, that in the orchcf-
tra is the altar of Bacchus, which is called the Thymcle:
Ej-j ftfra njv o/j;^ijy/:av BwjiAOf row Aioviktou, of xaXsiraj ©yaeXij.
And in another place he lays, that the Thymele was an' altar, fo
called, from the verb Qvuv, to facrifice. On the Thymcle,
in the front of the pulpitum, or logeum, were fcated the
muficians and chorifters, as may be conjectured from fomc re-
mains of feats cut out of the rock, at the back of the Thymcle,
fee fig. 2d. Thcfc muficians were called Thymelici, from the
Thymele on which they were feated or ftood when they per-
formed their mufical operations. Thymelici erant mufici
fcenici qui in organis et lyris et citharis praecincbant, et di<5\i
Thymelici quod olim in orcheftra ftantes cantabant fupcr pul-
pitum quod Thymele vocabatur. Ifidorus, lib. 18, chap. 47.
Sec alfo Montenari del Tcatro Olympico.
Page 52, line 7, fig. 2, for The Pulpitum read Plan of the Thymele.
line 8, fig. 3, for Pulpitum read Thymele.
Page 56, line 6, for antient read ancient.
Page 58, line 6, for two read three.
To defcription of Plate I. Mr. Revett .ndJs:
The afped of it, as may be conjcdured from the quan-
tity of pieces of columns ftill remaining, was moft
likely the peripteros, and the fizc according to the
diameter of the columns near to that of the temple
Thefeus.
To Plate 11. after columns add, with a profile of the capital upon
a larger fcalc, and a fedion of the entablature.
Page 58. In defcription of Plate IV. after columns, add, with the foffit of the
cornice y and profile of the capital ^ on a larger fcaU. A\\6 for
1770 tcAil from 1700 to 1702.
After defcription of plate IV. add,
Plate V.
Fig. I. Capital of the antet, with a fcHion through the entablature.
Fig. 2. Profile of the capital upon a larger fcale.
Fig. 3. Cornices and mouldings of pedeflals.
Page 62, after Fig. 9, eye of the volute add this fiheme of tracing the volute
Mr. Revett di [covered by fame marks of the compafs in the eye 0/
the volute of the original capital.
Page 63, 8th line from the bottom, after remaining add above ground.
Chapter XII. Plate I.
Fig. 7, the ovolo ftiould not have been (haded as a fc£lion, as the mould-
ing profiles, and dies againft the back gtound.
To the Title Page (hould be added, after Athens, with thofe of Corinth,
Salonicha, and Delos,
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